Bio 114 binghamton Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

Cell Theory - All organisms are made of cells, and all cells come from pre-existing cells. Conclusion: If you trace a cell's lineage back far enough, you will discover that all cells are descended from a common ancestral cell Evolution - The heritable change in a population over time or a change in gene frequency in a population over a number of generations Proximate process - what happens in short term, measured in fractions of lifetimes Ultimate process - longer timeframe (lifeti...

"Salting out" - certain ions become too concentrated in soils and draw water out of roots by osmosis, causing plant death 2 types of lateral meristems: - Cork cambium vascular cambium 2 ways to increase allele diversity/allele frequency distribution: - 1.) gene flow 2.) mutation 3 Chordate Subphyla - Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata 3 criteria for designating species: Boys Make Pasta - biological, morphological, phylogenetic 4 key characteristics of chordates - 1.) notochor...

2 types of lateral meristems: - Cork cambium vascular cambium 2 ways to increase allele diversity/allele frequency distribution: - 1.) gene flow 2.) mutation 3 criteria for designating species: Boys Make Pasta - biological, morphological, phylogenetic Adventitious Root Systems - Roots that emerge from the stem just above ground to help support plants in shallow soils Allopatric Speciation - Separated by some physical barrier Annuals - Angiosperm plants that die off at the end of each yea...

Taxonomic hierarchy - a system of classifying and naming species for the purpose of understanding and establishing relatedness between species or larger groupings Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species What words are used to name the individual type of organism? - Genus and Species Super and Sub prefixes - used to further describe refinement of groupings above and below a certain level 3 criteria for designating species: Boys Make Pasta - biological, morphological, phylogen...

adventituous root - emerges from the stem right above the ground to help support plants in shallow soils allopatric speciation - occurs when subpopulations are separated by some physical barrier. The two subpopulations remain reproductively isolated (no gene flow) and, over time, diverge from each other Angiosperms - Vascular plants with fruit-covered seeds The fruit increases the protection and dispersal of seeds; the largest number of species of all plants. 1. Flower: a major innovation...

Adaptation - A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce adventitious roots - roots that arise above ground Alleles - Different forms of a gene allopatric speciation - the process of speciation that occurs with geographic isolation Aneuploidy - Abnormal number of chromosomes. Archea - have cell walls that, do not contain peptidoglycan assotative mating - an individual is more likely to mate with another that is similar in phenotype to itself autosomal inheritance - Inheritance o...

Contrivance - an adaptation that is a result of the modification of a previous ancestor Adaptation - A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce Exaptation - evolutionary adaptation of an existing structure for a completely new purpose Vestigial Trait - A trait inherited from a common ancestor but is no longer used dipliod cell - cell that has 2 copies of each chromosome, one from egg, one from sperm (46) Hapliod - having a single set of unpaired chromosomes, one egg (23)...