Pnb 2xb3 - Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

sodium potassium pump - ️️enzyme that transports 3 sodium to the outside, and it transports 2 potassium to the inside using the hydrolysis of ATP - creates more sodium outside and more potassium inside and creates a concentration gradient Midline, ipsilateral and contrelateral - ️️line separating left and right of the entire nervous system - ipsilateral means the same side of something and contralateral means the opposite side of something Nissl stain showed (Nissl) - ️️Nissl u...

Astrocytes - ️️glial, maintain ionic environment Lumbar - ️️hips and legs Tetrodoxin (TTX) - ️️- found in puffer fish ovaries - one could kill 30 adult humans - causes death via paralysis of respiratory muscles - fish has TTX resistant Na channels - irreversibly blocks channel Dermatomes - ️️spinal nerves innervate sections of the skin, message from certain section of skin is sent to certain section of spine - skin corresponds to spin 1. cervical 2. thoracic 3. lumbar...

Neuroscience ~~> study of the neurons and nervous systems how many neurons are in the brain and what is the power of the brain ~~> 100 billion neurons, and it is about 20W how large are neurons ~~> 10 microns Central Nervous System (CNS) ~~> all the parts within bone (spinal cord, thalamus, brainstem, cortex...) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) ~~> not within bone (peripheral nerves) brainstem ~~> includes the medulla, midbrain, and the pons spine 2 | P a g ...

Nissl Stain - ️️Nissl used basic died to stain the endoplasmic reticulum (RNA), thereby revealing cell bodies. Using the nissl stain, Brodmann found that different areas of the cerebral cortex had distinct cytoarchitectonic appearances. He identified 52 cortical areas, now called Broadmann's areas contralaterality - ️️right brain controls left, left brain controls right. most functions are contralateral 3 types of glial cells - ️️Astrocyte (maintain ionic environment), Oligode...

PNB 2XB3 Final PASSED Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers cell body diameter - CORRECT ANSWER- 10 um # neurons in the nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER- 100 billion brain's power - CORRECT ANSWER- 20W properties of potassium - CORRECT ANSWER- - inside concentration: 140mM - outside concentration: 5mM - equilibrium potential: -84mV properties of sodium - CORRECT ANSWER- - inside concentration: 10mM - outside concentration: 145mM - equilibrium potential: +64mV

Benefits of Adaption in touch sensations - ️️1) Helps us to ignore constant, innocuous stimuli, reducing distraction 2) Helps to avoid saturation of neuronal firing rates, allowing us to detect changes in stimulus intensity over a larger ranger of intensities. Merkel Cells and Mechanotransduction - ️️When skin is presed: 1) Mechanically-gated ion channels in the A beta membrane open, letting in ions (Na) 2) This causes the first ("dynamic phase") action potential 3) Mechanically...

PNB 2XB3 Final UPDATED Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers Central Nervous System - CORRECT ANSWER- All parts within the spine and brain Brainstem - CORRECT ANSWER- Medulla, Pons, Midbrain Peripheral Nervous System - CORRECT ANSWER- Parts of the nervous system not within bone Cerebrospinal Fluid - CORRECT ANSWER- Fluid surrounding the neurons; contains ions Sodium Potassium Pump - CORRECT ANSWER- 2 K+ in, 3 Na+ out Negative Resting Potential - CORRECT ANSWER- K+ is greater inside than out...

A-alpha conduction velocity? ~~> 80-120 m/s A-beta conduction velocity? ~~> 35-75 m/s A-delta conduction velocity? ~~> 5-30 m/s C-fibers conduction velocity? ~~> 0.5-2 m/s A-alpha axon diameter? ~~> 13-20 microns A-beta axon diameter? ~~> 6-12 microns A-delta axon diameter? 2 | P a g e | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+ Master01 | September, 2024/2025 | Latest update ~~> 1-5 microns C-fibers axon diameter? ~~> 0.2-1.5 microns Synaptic cleft wid...

4 Sections of the spinal cord ~~> 1. Cervical 2. Thoracic 3. Lumbar 4. Sacral A beta Fibers ~~> Large sensory fibers involved in rapidly transmitting sensation. Responds to touch (around 50 m/s) A delta Fibers ~~> Slower fiber that responds to sharp pain ( around 10m/s) C fibers ~~> Slow fiber that is associated with dull pain (around 1m/2s) Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus Pathway 2 | P a g e | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+ Master01 | September, 2024/2025 | ...

Coronal: - ️️lane of section that is parallel to the face, how you put on a crown, divides head to anterior (front) and posterior (back) Difference between MS and Guillain Barre? - ️️Question Multiple Sclerosis Guillain Barre What myelin it attacks CNS PNS Can you have a full recovery No Yes Rarity Common Rare Symptoms MS: Problems with vision, speech, tactile etc. GB: Paralysis, loss of sensation, trouble breathing Biolistic Transfection (Gene Gun) - ️️Take tiny gold partic...