exam questions with answer ,class notes

Bacillus General Characteristics of Bacillus  ~ 60 species; Gram-positive or Gram-variable bacilli • Large (0.5 x 1.2 to 2.5 x 10 um) • Most are saprophytic contaminants or normal flora • Bacillus anthracis is most important member  Produce endospores  Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic  Catalase positive (most) • Rapidly differentiates from Clostridium Bacillus spp. are ubiquitous • Soil, water, and airborne dust • Thermophilic (< 75°C) an...

Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids • Polymers of nucleo des are termed polynucleo des or nucleic acids, be er known as DNA and RNA. •  Each nucleic acid is made from just four different nucleo des. •  RNA contain the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil •  DNA contain adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. • Polymeriza on involves the phosphate and sugar groups of the nucleo des, which become linked by phosphodiester bonds • primary role: act as ca...

AC 371 Chapter 5 Learnsmart With Questions And Answers Guaranteed Pass Sam traded a parcel of land for a tractor and a car. He had purchased the land five years earlier for $16,000. The market value of the car and tractor is $20,000. What is the amount of gross income resulting from this transaction? a. $4,000 b. $20,000 c. $0 d. $16,000 - ANSWER>>>A Mary has received the following income and fringe benefits during the current year: a $73,000 salary; $600 ...

ACRP CP WITH DETAILED QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A Phase I - ANSWER>>>The clinical trial phase that focuses on safety and human pharmacology in healthy volunteers Who is ultimately responsible for all aspects of the research conducted at a site? - ANSWER>>>Principal investigator Define GCP - ANSWER>>>An international quality standard that is provided by ICH E6(R2) describing safety, accuracy of trials and credibility ...

Acute inflammation  A physiological response to injury by living tissue.  The response is mounted by the microvasculature (meta-arterioles, capillaries, venules) INJURY INFLAMMATION HEALING PROCESS  Inflammation is dynamic. -itis implies that the disease is an inflammatory response e.g hepatitis, nephritis etc.  Pneumonitis: Viral induced inflammation of the lungs.  Pneumonia: Bacterial.  Depending on the degree of response ...

Adrenal glands •Small, triangular glands loosely attached to the kidneys •Divided into two morphologically distinct regions- adrenal cortex (outer)- adrenal medulla (inner) Steroid Hormones • Steroid hormones are produced by the gonads and adrenal cortex. • Steroid hormones are made from cholesterol in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria of endocrine cells.

AMYLOIDOSIS Definition • Deposition of abnormal proteins in between connective tissues of organs. • This may affect the brain e.g Alzheimers disease (β-amyloid), joint spaces etc. • They are pinkish deposits (eosinophilic) & amorphous & structureless depositing in tissues. • Exposure to iodine gives the amyloid a bright green colouration. Classification • In terms of clinical presentation: I. Primary amyloidosis: (Immunoglobin origin): Comprises of AL (amyloid...

Blood Formation • Hemopoiesis ( hematopoiesis) is the process that produces the formed elements of the blood. • Hemopoiesis takes place in the red bone marrow found in the epiphyses of long bones (for example, the humerus and femur), flat bones (ribs and cranial bones), vertebrae, and the pelvis. • Within the red bone marrow, hemopoietic stem cells ( hemocytoblasts) divide to produce various “blast” cells. • Each of these cells matures and becomes a particular formed ...

Analgesics Analgesics are drugs for relieving pain I. II. III. IV. V. Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) Opioid analagesics Non-opioid centrally acting analgesics Compound/combined analgesic preparations The non-opioid drugs, paracetamol and NSAIDs (and other NSAIDs), are particularly suitable for pain in musculoskeletal conditions, whereas the opioid analgesics are more suitable for moderate to severe pain, particularly of visc...

ANTIGENS AND IMMUNOGENS • An immune response is the result of exposure of the body to foreign agents. These foreign agents can be called an antigen or immunogen. • Antigens – An antigen is an agent capable of binding specifically to components of the immune response such as lymphocytes and antibodies. • Immunogen-It is any agent capable of inducing an immune response. So all antigens immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens. • Antigenesity; This is the ...