exam questions with answer ,class notes

General Microbiology – Full course notes Lecture 1: Historical and Current Aspects of Microbiology Learning Objectives Be able: • To define Microbiology • To differentiate the major characteristics for each type of microorganism in the microbial world • To identify the contributions to microbiology & germ theory made by past microbiologists • To appreciate the genomic revolution occurring in Microbiology What is Microbiology? - - - - - Microbiology is the study of or...

The mental status examination( MSE)  MSE is a cross-sectional, systemic documentation of the quality of mental functioning at the time of interview.  It serves as a baseline for future comparison and to follow the progress of the patient. Outlines of MSE  Appearance , Behaviour & Attitude (Cooperativeness)  Speech  Mood & Affect  Thoughts  Perceptions  Cognitive functions  Consciousness level  orientation(time, place, person)  atten...

Surface Anatomy 13 398 Chapter Thirteen Surface Anatomy I magine this scenario: An unconscious patient has been brought to the emergency room. Although the patient cannot tell the ER physician what is wrong or “where it hurts,” the doctor can assess some of the injuries by observing surface anatomy, including: ■ Locating pulse points to determine the patient’s heart rate and pulse strength ■ Palpating the bones under the skin to determine if a fracture has occurr...

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DRUGS Drugs and the endocrine system The endocrine system consists of glands, which are specialized cell clusters, and hormones, the chemical transmitters secreted by the glands in response to stimulation. A delicate balance Together with the central nervous system, the endocrine system regulates and integrates the body’s metabolic activities and maintains homeostasis (the body’s internal equilibrium). The drug typ...

)What is Normal Flora ? These are mixture of microorganisms regularly found at any anatomical site on /within the body of a healthy person. Some of these microorganisms are found in association with humans / animals only. Others are found in the environment as well. Normal flora types Resident vs. Transient Resident populations (normal flora, microbiota, indigenous microbial population, microflora, microbial flora) Vast majority of normal flora are bacteria. I...

ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO RESEARCH. • Ethics has been defined as that branch of philosophy which deals with one’s conduct and serves as a guide to one’s behaviors. • The ethics in research is to ensure that no one is harmed or suffers adverse consequences from research activities. • Since most researchers are people genuinely concerned about other people’s quality of life, they must be people of integrity who will not undertake research for personal gain or research...

NEOPLASM A neoplasm or tumor is a cellular growth that is no longer responding to normal body controls. The cells continue to reproduce when there is no need for them. This excessive growth deprives other cells of nutrients. Many neoplasms are unable to function as normal tissue cells because they consist of atypical (abnormal) or immature cells. Nomenclature Tumors are named according to a system. The root word, such as chondro, is the cell of origin, in this case cartilage. D...

LOGISTICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH • In any research undertaken, there are important logistical and ethical considerations. • There are issues that the researcher must be aware of before starting research. • In case of logistical issues, such awareness and subsequent preparation will save the researcher a great deal of resources (money, time and energy) and will ensure high quality research. • In case of ethical issues, awareness will protect the integrity of the researche...

ur are normal physiological events, however regular routine observations of vital signs must be an integral part of midwifery care  There is potential for pregnant women and those who have recently given birth to be at risk of physiological deterioration that is not always predicted or recognized  To improve recognition of women who are unwell before they become critically ill the modified early obstetric warning score (MEOWS) chart should now be used (CMACE 2011).  ...

MALPOSITIONSOF THEOCCIPUTAND MALPRESENTATIONS R. NDERITU  The presenting diameters do not fit well onto the cervix and therefore do not produce optimal stimulation for uterine contractions and labour.  Labour with a fetus in a malposition or a malpresentation can be long, tedious and painful, requiring empathy, sustained encouragement and support for the woman and her partner.  All the usual care in labour is provided, paying particular attention to comfort and hydra...