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Chronic inflammation
Chronic inflammation 
 This is an inflammatory cellular response that may 
have an immunological basis attended by fibroblastic 
reaction. 
 Considered to be of prolonged duration. (months to 
years) and commonly follows acute inflammation but 
may start by it self especially when causative 
organisms are of low grade virulence or the basis of the 
injury is an antigen-antibody reaction e.g Rheumatic 
fever & rheumatoid arthritis. 
 Characterised by: 
 1) Continued active inflamm...
- Class notes
- • 21 pages •
Chronic inflammation 
 This is an inflammatory cellular response that may 
have an immunological basis attended by fibroblastic 
reaction. 
 Considered to be of prolonged duration. (months to 
years) and commonly follows acute inflammation but 
may start by it self especially when causative 
organisms are of low grade virulence or the basis of the 
injury is an antigen-antibody reaction e.g Rheumatic 
fever & rheumatoid arthritis. 
 Characterised by: 
 1) Continued active inflamm...
Classification of Diseases
Diseases can be classified in different 
ways. 
 The broad classification is: 
 Infectious diseases: Can be spread from 
one host to another. 
 II. 
 Non-infectious diseases: Cannot be 
spread. 
The above classification is to do with the 
tendency to spread. 
There are numerous modes of spread that 
include: 
1. Through contact. 
 2. Inhalation 
 3. Exchange of body fluids (blood, 
mucous, semen, vaginal secretions, 
saliva, pus and joint aspirates) 
 4. Through eating infected fo...
- Class notes
- • 7 pages •
Diseases can be classified in different 
ways. 
 The broad classification is: 
 Infectious diseases: Can be spread from 
one host to another. 
 II. 
 Non-infectious diseases: Cannot be 
spread. 
The above classification is to do with the 
tendency to spread. 
There are numerous modes of spread that 
include: 
1. Through contact. 
 2. Inhalation 
 3. Exchange of body fluids (blood, 
mucous, semen, vaginal secretions, 
saliva, pus and joint aspirates) 
 4. Through eating infected fo...
Cranial Nerve 1OLFACTORY NERVE
Cranial Nerve 1OLFACTORY NERVE 
 
 
Classification 
 Olfactory nerve is part of autonomic nervous system. 
 It is a special somatic afferent nerve . 
 This is the shortest sensory nerve in the human body. 
 This nerve is divided into: 
 a) 
 b) 
 Lateral :located in superior nasal concha 
 Medial :located along nasal septum
- Class notes
- • 9 pages •
Cranial Nerve 1OLFACTORY NERVE 
 
 
Classification 
 Olfactory nerve is part of autonomic nervous system. 
 It is a special somatic afferent nerve . 
 This is the shortest sensory nerve in the human body. 
 This nerve is divided into: 
 a) 
 b) 
 Lateral :located in superior nasal concha 
 Medial :located along nasal septum
cranial nerve 3
Classification 
• It provides both motor and parasympathetic innervation to some 
structures within the bony orbit
- Class notes
- • 4 pages •
Classification 
• It provides both motor and parasympathetic innervation to some 
structures within the bony orbit
CNIV; Trochlear Nerve
CNIV; Trochlear Nerve 
 FUNCTIONS 
 It controls the movement of superior oblique muscle of the 
eye. 
This muscles moves the eye down and rotate rotates the top 
of the eye towards the nose. It also helps to move the eye 
outward when the eye is looking downward. 
 CLASSIFICATIONS 
 Cranial nerve is a general somatic motor nerve. 
 The trochlear nerve originates from the midbrain and enters 
the orbit through the superior orbital fissure supplying the 
superior oblique
- Class notes
- • 7 pages •
CNIV; Trochlear Nerve 
 FUNCTIONS 
 It controls the movement of superior oblique muscle of the 
eye. 
This muscles moves the eye down and rotate rotates the top 
of the eye towards the nose. It also helps to move the eye 
outward when the eye is looking downward. 
 CLASSIFICATIONS 
 Cranial nerve is a general somatic motor nerve. 
 The trochlear nerve originates from the midbrain and enters 
the orbit through the superior orbital fissure supplying the 
superior oblique
glossopharyngael nerve
It is also known as the ninth cranial nerve 
,cranial nerve IX or simply CN IX ,is a cranial 
nerve that exits the brainstem from the sides of 
the upper medulla ,just anterior (closer to the 
nose) to the vagus nerve . Being a mixed nerve 
(sensorimotor),it carries afferent sensory and 
efferent motor information . The motor division 
of the glossopharyngael nerve is derived from 
the basal plate of the embryonic medulla 
oblangata, whereas the sensory divion 
 originates from the cran...
- Class notes
- • 7 pages •
It is also known as the ninth cranial nerve 
,cranial nerve IX or simply CN IX ,is a cranial 
nerve that exits the brainstem from the sides of 
the upper medulla ,just anterior (closer to the 
nose) to the vagus nerve . Being a mixed nerve 
(sensorimotor),it carries afferent sensory and 
efferent motor information . The motor division 
of the glossopharyngael nerve is derived from 
the basal plate of the embryonic medulla 
oblangata, whereas the sensory divion 
 originates from the cran...
CRANIAL NERVE V (TRIGEMINAL NERVE)
CRANIAL NERVE V 
 (TRIGEMINAL NERVE) 
TRIGEMINAL NERVE 
 • Cranial nerve v is both sensory and motor nerve. 
 • It is divided into three main branches:-Ophthalmic(v1)-Maxillary(v2)-mandibular(v3
- Class notes
- • 5 pages •
CRANIAL NERVE V 
 (TRIGEMINAL NERVE) 
TRIGEMINAL NERVE 
 • Cranial nerve v is both sensory and motor nerve. 
 • It is divided into three main branches:-Ophthalmic(v1)-Maxillary(v2)-mandibular(v3
SIXTH CRANIAL NERVE
SIXTH CRANIAL NERVE 
•Also known as Abducens nerve 
•Performs somatic motor functions and lacks any sensory functions 
 Originates from abducens nucleus 
found in the ventral aspect of the pons 
The trochlear nerve , oculomotor nerve and abducens nerve 
work together to control eye movements 
Functions 
 Sends signals to the lateral rectus muscle of the eye which
- Class notes
- • 6 pages •
SIXTH CRANIAL NERVE 
•Also known as Abducens nerve 
•Performs somatic motor functions and lacks any sensory functions 
 Originates from abducens nucleus 
found in the ventral aspect of the pons 
The trochlear nerve , oculomotor nerve and abducens nerve 
work together to control eye movements 
Functions 
 Sends signals to the lateral rectus muscle of the eye which
CRANIAL NERVE 8 VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
CRANIAL NERVE 8 
 VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR 
The vestibulocochlear nerve consists of the vestibular and cochlear 
nerves, also known as cranial nerve eight (CN VIII). 
 CLASSIFICATION 
 SENSORY NERVE 
members: 
 NS201/109963/22 
NS201/109949/22
- Class notes
- • 5 pages •
CRANIAL NERVE 8 
 VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR 
The vestibulocochlear nerve consists of the vestibular and cochlear 
nerves, also known as cranial nerve eight (CN VIII). 
 CLASSIFICATION 
 SENSORY NERVE 
members: 
 NS201/109963/22 
NS201/109949/22
VAGUS NERVE(X)
VAGUS NERVE(X) 
 • Vagus nerve is both a motor and sensory nerve 
 • It perfoms motor innervation of; 
 Palatoglossus muscle 
 Pharynx 
 Larynx 
 • It perfom sensory innervation by; 
 Providing taste sensation to root of the tongue 
 • It also provide visceral sensation to the heart and abdominal 
visceral 
FUCTIONS OF VAGUS NERVE 
 Regulate internal organs functions such as; 
 Digestion 
 Heart rate 
 Respiratory rate 
 Vasomotor activity 
 Reflex a...
- Class notes
- • 5 pages •
VAGUS NERVE(X) 
 • Vagus nerve is both a motor and sensory nerve 
 • It perfoms motor innervation of; 
 Palatoglossus muscle 
 Pharynx 
 Larynx 
 • It perfom sensory innervation by; 
 Providing taste sensation to root of the tongue 
 • It also provide visceral sensation to the heart and abdominal 
visceral 
FUCTIONS OF VAGUS NERVE 
 Regulate internal organs functions such as; 
 Digestion 
 Heart rate 
 Respiratory rate 
 Vasomotor activity 
 Reflex a...