Proximal means closer to the midline
Distal means fother away
Terms of movement:
Extension back
Flexion fram
Pronation in with hand
supination out -:-
abduction:
adduction:
eversion out with the foot
inversion in -:-
elevation up with shoulders
depression down -:-
retrusion in med hakan
protrusion ut med hakan
Vertebra
Typical vertebra consist of body and vertebral arch with several (seven) processes for
muscular for attachments
Body; has costal facets
Vertebral arch: consist of pedicles and laminae posteriorly, protects spinal cord
Foramina associated with the vertebral arch
Vertebral foramina
Intervertebral foramina
Transverse foramina
Processes association with the vertebral arch
Spinous process
Transverse processes
Articular processes
Mammillary processes lumber
Accessory processeslateral and inferior to mammillary process of lumbar
Typical and Atypical vertebra (is highlighted)
7-Cervical (lordosis, secondary curvature)
Atlas C1 wides cervical, has no body and no spine, has two lateral masses
Axis C2 has smallest transverse process and characterized by the dens.
C7(Prominens) long spinous process and ends in a single tubercle (no bifid)
C3-C6 typical cervical, have short spinous process
12-Thoracic (kyphosis primary curvature)
T1, T9-T12
T2-T8
5-Lumbar (lordosis, secondary curvatures)
L5 Atypical, has the largest body
L1-L4Typical
5-Sacrum (kyphosis)
five fused sacral vertebrae
has four pairs of foramina
4-coccyx (primary curvature)
union of four coccygeal vertebrae
provides attachments for the coccygeus and levator ani muscles
kyphosis
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through EFT, credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying this summary from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller ugbadfarah. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy this summary for R140,07. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
