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BARCODE
, CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL ORIENTATION ...................................................................... 7
2. PURPOSE AND OUTCOMES ...................................................................................................... 7
2.1 Purpose ........................................................................................................................................ 7
2.2 Outcomes ..................................................................................................................................... 8
3. HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE ......................................................................................................... 8
3.1 Prescribed books .......................................................................................................................... 8
3.2 Structure of study guide ................................................................................................................ 9
3.3 Structure of the study units ......................................................................................................... 10
3.4 Use of gender ............................................................................................................................. 10
3.5 A note on case references .......................................................................................................... 10
3.6 Hints for studying this module ..................................................................................................... 10
SECTION A – A SURVEY OF THE FOUR PHASES OF THE CRIMINAL PROCESS ........................... 14
I. SURVEY OF THE FOUR PHASE OF THE CRIMINAL PROCESS ............................................ 15
II. PRE-TRIAL PHASE ................................................................................................................... 15
1. THE PLACE OF THE LAW OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM ................ 20
2. CRIME CONTROL AND DUE PROCESS .................................................................................. 21
3. CONSTITUTIONAL CRIMINAL PROCEDURE .......................................................................... 21
4. ACCUSATORIAL AND INQUISITORIAL PROCEDURES AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF SOUTH
AFRICAN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE .......................................................................................... 22
5. SOURCES OF SOUTH AFRICAN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE .................................................... 23
6. REMEDIES ................................................................................................................................. 23
7. STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE PROSECUTING AUTHORITY ............................. 23
8. PRIVATE PROSECUTIONS ....................................................................................................... 24
9. THE DUTY OF A POLICE OFFICER TO INFORM A PERSON OF THE RIGHT TO LEGAL
REPRESENTATION DURING THE PRE-TRIAL PHASE ........................................................... 25
10. THE DUTY OF A PRESIDING OFFICER TO INFORM A PERSON OF THE RIGHT TO LEGAL
REPRESENTATION DURING CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS ....................................................... 25
11. EXCEPTIONS............................................................................................................................. 26
11.1 Absence owing to misconduct .................................................................................................... 26
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, CPR3701/501
11.2 Several accused .......................................................................................................................... 26
11.3 Evidence by means of closed-circuit television ............................................................................ 27
11.4 Admission-of-guilt fines................................................................................................................ 27
11.5 Absence of an accused during an inquiry into the accused’s mental capacity ............................. 27
12. OBJECTIVITY AND UNLAWFUL CONDUCT ............................................................................ 28
13. WHICH METHOD SHOULD BE USED TO ENSURE THE ACCUSED’S PRESENCE IN
COURT? ..................................................................................................................................... 30
14. INDICTMENT, SUMMONS, WRITTEN NOTICE TO APPEAR ................................................... 30
15. ARREST ..................................................................................................................................... 30
16. METHODS OF GAINING INFORMATION .................................................................................. 31
16.1 Interrogation ................................................................................................................................ 31
16.2 The prosecuting authority ............................................................................................................ 31
17. INTERCEPTION AND PRIVATE COMMUNICATIONS .............................................................. 31
18. DETERMINING BODILY CHARACTERISTICS .......................................................................... 32
19. SEARCH AND SEIZURE WITH A WARRANT ........................................................................... 32
20. SEARCH AND SEIZURE WITHOUT A WARRANT ................................................................... 33
21. THE PURPOSE OF SEARCH WARRANTS AND THE DISCOVERY OF OBJECTS DURING A
SEARCH .................................................................................................................................... 33
22. DISPOSAL AND FORFEITURE OF SEIZED ARTICLES ........................................................... 33
23. BAIL ........................................................................................................................................... 33
23.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 33
23.2 Constitutionality of or ratio for the existence of bail ...................................................................... 33
23.3 When is bail not in the interests of justice? .................................................................................. 34
23.4 Are there other methods of release besides bail? ........................................................................ 34
23.5 What is the practical meaning of bail?.......................................................................................... 34
23.6 Who grants bail? .......................................................................................................................... 35
23.7 Bail on account of prison conditions ............................................................................................. 36
24. SUMMARY TRIALS ................................................................................................................... 36
24.1 Pre-trial investigations ................................................................................................................. 36
24.2 The nature of pre-trial investigations ............................................................................................ 37
24.3 The purpose of pre-trial investigations ......................................................................................... 37
25. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PREPARATORY EXAMINATIONS, SUMMARY TRIALS AND
OTHER PRE- TRIAL INVESTIGATIONS ................................................................................... 37
25.1 Preparatory examinations, summary trials ................................................................................... 37
25.2 Preparatory examinations and abridged/mini preparatory examinations ..................................... 38
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, III. TRIAL PHASE ............................................................................................................................ 38
1. PHASE TWO: THE TRIAL ......................................................................................................... 40
1.1 The plea stage ............................................................................................................................. 41
1.2 The state’s case ........................................................................................................................... 42
1.3 The case for the defence .............................................................................................................. 43
1.4 Addressing the court ..................................................................................................................... 44
1.5 Judgment by the court .................................................................................................................. 44
IV. PHASE THREE: SENTENCING ................................................................................................. 44
1. PHASE THREE: SENTENCING ................................................................................................. 45
1.1 The role of the prosecutor ............................................................................................................ 45
1.2 The rights of the accused ............................................................................................................. 45
1.3 The duty of the court ..................................................................................................................... 46
V. PHASE FOUR: POST-TRIAL REMEDIES.................................................................................. 46
1. PHASE FOUR: POST-TRIAL REMEDIES AFTER CONVICTION AND SENTENCING ............. 47
1.1 Rights of the accused .................................................................................................................. 47
1.2 Legal remedies after conviction and sentencing.......................................................................... 48
SECTION B – GUIDE TO THE HANDBOOK ......................................................................................... 50
PHASE ONE: PRE-TRIAL PROCESS ................................................................................................... 51
LEARNING UNIT 1 ................................................................................................................................ 52
LEARNING UNIT 2 ................................................................................................................................ 54
LEARNING UNIT 3 ................................................................................................................................ 55
LEARNING UNIT 4 ................................................................................................................................ 57
LEARNING UNIT 5 ................................................................................................................................ 58
LEARNING UNIT 6 ................................................................................................................................ 59
LEARNING UNIT 7 ................................................................................................................................ 60
LEARNING UNIT 8 ................................................................................................................................ 62
LEARNING UNIT 9 ................................................................................................................................ 64
LEARNING UNIT 10 .............................................................................................................................. 65
LEARNING UNIT 11 .............................................................................................................................. 66
PHASE TWO: TRIAL PROCESS ........................................................................................................... 67
LEARNING UNIT 12 .............................................................................................................................. 68
12.1 HOW IS THE ACCUSED INFORMED OF THE ALLEGATIONS AGAINST HIM? ....................... 68
12.2 HOW ARE ERRORS OR DEFECTS IN THE CHARGE SHEET CORRECTED? ........................ 69
12.3 MAY SEVERAL ACCUSED BE CHARGED TOGETHER? ......................................................... 70
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