This document explains the origin of the microscope, how to use it and the significance it has on Microbiology. It also explains the difference in staining.
Microbiology 1
6.1 The Science of Epidemiology
6.2 Infectious and communicable diseases
6.3 Epidemiological terminology
6.4 Pathogen transmission: airborne, contact, vehicle, vector-borne
6.5 Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases and pathogens
6.6 Pathogenic microorganisms isolated from soil, air and water
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Microbiology and disease
6.1 The Science of Epidemiology
Deals with the occurrence and distribution of diseases within a given population;
Infectious disease epidemiology is concerned with organisms or agents responsible for the
spread of infectious diseases in humans and other animal populations.
By definition, epidemiology is the sciences that evaluates the occurrence, determinants,
distribution and control of health and disease in a defined human population;
Health is the condition in which an organism performs its vital functions normally or
properly; it is a state of mental and physical well-being and not only the absence of
disease;
A disease relates to the impairment of the normal state of an individual (organism) or any
of its components that hinders the performance of vital functions.
6.2 Infectious and communicable diseases
An infectious disease is a disease resulting from an infection by microbial agents such as
viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and helminths;
A communicable disease is an infectious disease that can be transmitted from person to
person – not all infectious diseases are communicable diseases, e.g. rabies is an
infectious disease acquired only through the bite of a rabid dog;
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, A. Paulse MIY100S_MIB151S Lecture 6_2018
6.3 Terminology
Term Definition Example
1. Sporadic disease When a disease occurs Bacterial meningitis
occasionally, and at
irregular intervals in a
human population
2. Endemic When a disease maintain a Common cold
steady, low-level frequency
at a moderately regular
interval
3. Outbreak The sudden, unexpected Legionnaire’s disease
occurrence of a disease,
usually in a limited segment
of a population
4. Epidemic An outbreak affecting many Influenza
people at once, i.e. there is (may occur suddenly
a sudden increase in the and unexpectedly in a
occurrence of a disease family, but may reach
above the expected level. epidemic status in a
community)
5. Pandemic An increase in disease H1N1 influenza
occurrence within a large
population over a wide
region (e.g. worldwide)
6.4 Pathogen transmission
To maintain an active infectious disease in a human population, the pathogen needs to be
transmitted from one host or source to another;
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