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Summary Summarised genetic engineering notes
Summarised and easy to follow genetic engineering notes that follow the SAGS with diagrams
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Genetic engineering:Biotechnology:
Using scientific procedures to influence specific processes in living organism which will benefit
humans or improve the environment
Genes may be:
● Turned on/off
● Deleted
● Deactivated
● Foreign genes inserted
● Manipulated by man
Genetic engineering:
Transfer of a gene from its original position in one organism to a new position in another organism
such that genetic maternal is permanently altered
● Donor → recipient
● Results in GMO
Recombinant DNA:
A form of DNA that does not exist naturally - created artificially in a lab
Recombinant DNA technology:
Process of genetic modification where the genetic material of different org is combined
GMO:
An org with introduced foreign DNA (gene) that results in new & useful traits → transgenic
Genetic engineering depends on:
VECTOR A vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into
another cell
1. Virus
2. Plasmids
ENZYMES ● Restriction enzymes
● Ligase enzymes
Plasmid:
● Circular, double stranded DNA molecule found in bacterial cells & some eukaryote cells
● Found in E.coli bacteria
● Not part of the bacterial chromosome so can replicate independently of it and not affect the
, functioning of the bacterium
Restriction enzymes:
● Cuts up DNA molecules at specific sites to isolate required gene
● DNA scissors
● Produces → STICKY ENDS
Ligase enzyme:
● Genetic glue
● Joins sticky ends of two single strands of DNA together
● Splices desired gene into new position in DNA
E. coli:
● Naturally occurring in human gut
The manufacture of human insulin:
Insulin:
● Hormone which lowers the sugar levels in blood
● Diabetics use this
Production of Insulin using recombinant DNA technology process:
1. ● Gene that codes for insulin:
○ Removed
○ From a healthy pancreas cell
2. ● Restriction enzymes:
○ Cut up DNA
○ Isolating gene that codes for insulin
3. ● Plasmid from E.coli:
○ Removed
○ Cut open by restriction enz
4. ● Ligase enz:
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