Chapter 6. Bones and Skeletal Tissues (Check Your Understanding Questions)
Chapter 7. The Skeleton (Check Your Understanding Questions)
Spieraanpassing en spierpijn
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University of Ottawa (U of O
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Health Sciences
Human anatomy and physiology II (ANP1107)
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- Are most joints, have lots of
Joints -
movement
Articular cartilage for
cushioning
Classification of joints
- A site where 2+ bones meet
- Classified by structure (what fills up
space, what holds it together, is
there a joint cavity) and function
(how much movement) - Joint cavity is a synovial cavity that
- 3 types by structure is filled with fluid
Fibrous, cartilaginous, - Articular capsule (double layer)
synovial - Synovial fluid that fills joint cavity
- 3 types by function to reduce friction
Synarthroses (no movement) - Reinforcing ligaments to restrict
Amphiarthroses (some movement of joint
movement) - Some have fatty pads for
Diarthroses (freely cushioning (hip, knee) or articular
movement) discs to improve fit
Fibrous joints
- No movements, no joint cavity
Cartilaginous joints
Bursae and tendon sheaths
- Bags of lubricant to reduce friction
- Bursa is a sac lined with synovial
membrane and containing a thin
film of synovial fluid
Found where ligaments,
muscles, skin, or muscle
tendons overlie and rub
against bone
Synovial joints
, 2
- Tendon sheath is a stretched out ligaments to tighten back
bursa that wraps around a tendon into place
- Sprains
Tearing ligaments
If partially ripped, it’s okay
Bunion because they are still aligned
- A swollen bursa at the base of the (if not, surgery)
big toe
- From wearing shoes that don’t fit, Movements allowed by synovial
putting weight on feet as you grow joints
old - Can be nonaxial, monoaxial,
biaxial, or multiaxial – depends on
Stability of synovial joints joints used
- Influences are articular surfaces,
ligaments, and muscle tone
Articular surfaces
- Based on their shape
- Are a negative influence – both
rounded and don’t fit
Ligaments
- For strength
- Not stretchy – break after 6% (can
be slowly worked to do more)
Tend to stay stretched for a What goes on btwn 2 rows of carpal
while bones that make up wrist – cuboidal
- Allow some freedom of movement shaped carpal bones slide over each
other a little bit
Muscle tone
- Most important for movement and
to stabilize bones at rest (keep
them aligned)
- Strong, maintain level of tone/
contraction
Common joint injuries
- Cartilage injuries
Around knee joint – lots of
cartilage (when damaged,
not vascularized, so it takes a
long time to repair)
- Dislocations
After a strong sudden/
lengthy force that causes
bones to fall out of position
Makes a lot of stretching of
capsule – when snapped back
into position it takes time for
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