This summary is from the IEB syllabus for Paper 2 History. In this paper candidates are required to have some knowledge on the topic in order to apply that knowledge and answer questions on the sources. Coming to terms with the past and Democracy in SA is a long and difficult chapter that I have m...
Shira Woolf History Source Based Summary – End of Apartheid 1
COMING TO TERMS WITH THE PAST & DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH AFRICA
1990: Apartheid still in place, liberation movements banned BUT by end of 1994 = democracy
1985: Mandela offered conditional release à declined à discussion
Met Coetzee (minister of Justice) at Volks Hospital
15 AUGUST: Rubicon speech: Botha did not denounce the end of apartheid
1986: Gov. in state of emergency to end township revolts and SADF attacks
1987: talks denounced (declared wrong) by Botha à ANC accepted as main organisation speaking for
the oppressed
1989: Botha + Mandela met at Tynhuis à violence will continue but agreed to speak peace
Talks with ANC members in exile (Thabo Mbeki + Broderbund à Afrikaans and male secret society)
AUGUST 1989: OPERATION VULA + HARARE DECLERATION
Oliver Thambo (exiled 1960) sent ANC members weapons à mobilize resistance
HARARE DECLERATION: signed by ANC & front-line states à ‘possibly end to apartheid’
1. Lift state of emergency
2. End restrictions on political activity
3. Legalize political organisations
4. Release political prisoners
5. Stop political executions
(JAN 1989- Botha suffered stroke, 18 JANUARY 1989 F.W. De Klerk = president)
• FW De Klerk had willingness to find a different approach – changed the political environment
SEPTEMBER: National Intelligent service met with Mbeki & Zuma in Switzerland
Purpose of talks: find out what ANC motives are, links with communism? Was compromise possible?
2 FEBRUARY 1990: DE KLERK ADRESSES PARLIAMENT
à MAJOR REFROMS ANNOUNCED
Summary: Harare Declaration acknowledged and agreed to
1. Unbanning of political organisations
2. Release political prisoners
3. Ease restriction ban & censorship
4. Suspended death penalty
5. Willig to create new constitution
• Gained support but also condemned by Afrikaans right wing piliations (AWB)
CAUSE OF NP CHANGE OF POLICY
Collapse of Soviet Union à no ‘rooi gevaar’
Control pace of change àno apartheid àstill some power
1989: NP thought ANC weak = banned for 30 years
Weak military à defeat in Angola
Economy collapsing: sanctions + disinvestments
Effects of Bantu Education starting to show
11 FEBRUARY 1990: NELSON MANDELA RELEASED
à From Vitor Vester Prison in Paarl
Same day: addressed public at city hall- a loyal ANC member
à committed to struggle until right environment
Elected Deputy President of ANC. Public statement: ANC will negotiate
LATE 1990: guerrilla war ended. Exiles returned (Oliver Thambo)
Sanctions should be kept in place until democracy official
, Shira Woolf History Source Based Summary – End of Apartheid 2
1990-1991: START OF NEGOTIATIONS
People impatient for change
Township: unemployment + poverty (violence between Inkantha & ANC)
1990
First round of task PLANNED for April à called off by ANC (residents of Sebokeng killed by police, 12
January 1991)
Gov. made concessions so talks ca go ahead:
1. Goldstone commission appointed to investigate Sebokeng killings
2. Troops sent to stop ANC-Inkantah violence
3. Temporary indemnity to ANC exiles
TALKS ABOUT TALKS
MAY 1990: GROOT SCHUUR MINUTE
Identify obstacles preventing talks and overcome them
Spoke about: security, troops in townships, SOE, ongoing violence, political prisoners, return of exiles,
economic sanctions
AUG 1990: PRETORIA MINUTE
Agreement = ANC gives up arms struggle, gov. lifts SOE
1991
JUNE: Goldstone Commission discovered NP had secretly funded Inkatha (coz they against ANC) à
integrity of Gov. questioned
14 SEPTEMBER 1991: National Peace Accord (NPA)
à accelerated negotiations between political parties
à SADF = SANDF
CODESA 1 AND 2
à who would make up body to draw up new SA constitution
ANC = majority rule + constitution would be drawn up by democratically elected constituent assembly
NP= power- sharing. Believed constitution assembly would not protect rights of minorities
20 DECEMBER 1991 – CODESA FORMED TO DRAW UP INTRUM (NOT PERMINANT) CONSTITUTION
2 stage process …
1. Multiparty conference would draw up interim constitution
2. First elected party would use it as basis for drafting final
DECLERATION OF INTENT
SIGNED à committed to multiparty democracy
• Trade unions: COSATU, ANC, SACP = Tripartite Alliance
1992
WHITES ONLY REFERANDUM
BACKGROUND: opposed to removal of Apartheid laws à whites’ interests will be sold out
De Klerk called for referendum between whites à do they support CODESA? Yes.
BREAK DOWN OF TALKS
CODESA 2 – May 1992 à Collapse over fundamental disagreements
a) 17 JUNE 1992: BIOPATONG MASSACRE
ANC members killed by Inkantah Freedom fighters at funeral supported by a ‘Third Force’ that people
suspected to be the government
Results: 1. ANC broke up negotiations with NP
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