Local Anaesthetics
DRUGS MOA PK INDICATIONS SIDE EFFECTS ADMINISTRATION
Local infiltration, regional block, spinal &
Long-acting epidural anaesthesia Infiltration, Nerve
Bupivacaine
Slow onset of action: 30 mi surgical anaesthesia block, Spinal
several days of Analgesia
Local/topical
Infiltration Topical,
Onset of action: rapid
Lignocaine Intravenous regional anaesthesia (biers Infiltration, Nerve
Duration: intermediate
block) block, Spinal, IV
Epidural anaesthesia
Epidural anaesthesia
Amides
Local nerve block Psychogenic Infiltration, Nerve
Ropivacaine long acting
Infiltration Syncope block, Spinal
Analgesia Hyperventilation
Nausea vomiting
Mepivacaine intermediate acting dental practice, infiltration and nerve blocks
BP alterations
contains ester side chain which is Toxicity Infiltration, nerve
block voltage-gated sodium channels & reduce
hydrolysed - plasma esterases dental practice periodontal, infiltration and CNS block
Articaine influx of sodium
High lipid solubility - thiophene ring nerve blocks CVS
ions
Rapid onset (1-6 min) Respiratory
preventing depolarization of the membrane
metabolism: In Liver hepatic Allergy
Prilocaine blocking conduction topical anaesthesia Topical
cytochromes PABA
of the action potential
Topical gel: dentistry injection sites: minimize Metabisulfite
sensation Methaemoglobinaemia
Lozenge: Surface anaesthetic -pain relief of Prilocaine, articaine,
Benzocaine Topical
sore throats benzocaine
Throat spray Parasthesia
throat gargle articaine
Topical cream: pain relief in haemorrhoids
metabolism: Plasma cholinesterase's to and minor skin burns
Esters
inactive compounds Eye drops: ophthalmology in tonometry,
Tetracaine Topical
foreign body removal, suture removal
Oral gel: pain relief of mucous membranes
of mouth, lips, gums
Eye drops: ophthalmology in tonometry,
Oxybuprocaine foreign body removal, suture removal Topical
Has additive bactericidal activity
