Complications of Pregnancy: Gestational Diabetes and Preeclampsia with correct answers 2023/2024

Complications of Pregnancy: Gestational Diabetes and PreeclampsiaMaternal hypertension causes increased infant risk for: - correct answer 1. Growth restriction 2. Oligohydramnios 3. Intolerance of labor 4. Medically indicated preterm delivery Percentage of pregnant women in US affected by preexisting diabetes: - correct answer ~1%; 60% of these are type 1, but the share of type 2 women is increasing Increased maternal risks associated with diabetes: - correct answer 1. Acceleration of neuropathy, retinopathy and vasculopathy 2. HTN and pre-eclalmpsia 3. Difficult birth Increased infant risks associated with maternal diabetes: - correct answer 1. Macrosomia 2. Birth trauma 3. Hydramnios 4. Cardiac anomalies 5. Neural tube defects 6. Increased risk of childhood and adult obesity 7. Increased risk of type II Break down intervals of HbA1C measurements and their associated risks of congenital anomaly, SAB (spontaneous abortion): - correct answer 10% - 23.5% 8.9-9.9% - 8.1% 7.9% - 3.2% (risk of congenital anomaly, macrosomia, hyperbilirubinemia) Pregnancy is initially an anabolic state. What happens during this time? - correct answer 1. Food intake and appetite are increased 2. Activity is decreased 3. Fat is deposited 4. Energy reserves are established 5. More protein is synthesized Significant alterations in CHO metabolism must occur in pregnancy to: - correct answer 1. Allow for continuous transport of energy from mom to fetus 2. Provide for adequate maternal nutritional stores in early gestation to cope with demands of pregnancy, labor, lactation Overall CHO metabolic characteristics of pregnancy: - correct answer Pregnancy results in FASTING HYPOGLYCEMIA, POSTPRANDIAL HYPERGLYCEMIA, and HYPERINSULINEMIA During pregnancy, overnight fasting periods lead to a drop in glucose levels of: - correct answer 15-20 mg/dL Increased insulin release during pregnancy is triggered by: - correct answer Estrogen/hPL/PRL stimulation of beta cells. As placenta increases in size and function, maternal hyperinsulinemia must also increase to keep pace What leads to postprandial hypoglycemia seen in pregnancy - correct answer Secondary to placental transport of glucose to fetus and fetal needs increase Maternal insulin requirements significantly decrease in early gestation, why? - correct answer Has been ascribed to an increased production of various placental and maternal hormones: hPL, P4, estrogen, cortisol and prolactin In the third trimester, pregnancy becomes more of a catabolic state. What happens at this time? - correct answer 1. Stored fat is used 2. Maternal weight gain is mostly from growing fetus and placenta