CIE AS 9489: EUROPEAN HISTORY: RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (CIEAS9489EUROPEANHISTORY)
Institution
CIE
Book
Cambridge International AS Level History Modern Europe, 1750-1921
These revision notes follow the updated CAIE A-level History 9489 syllabus and scheme of work for for Paper 1/2: EUROPEAN HISTORY, RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, 1894–1921. Easy to follow, clear and very detailed notes that cover all the core content topics, with exam guidance, structure, sample answers, s...
CIE AS History 9489: European option: Modern Europe, 1750–1921: France, 1774–1814
Study/ Revision notes_CAIE AS-level History 9489: EUROPEAN HISTORY: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN, 1750–1850
All for this textbook (3)
Written for
A/AS Level
CIE
History
CIE AS 9489: EUROPEAN HISTORY: RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (CIEAS9489EUROPEANHISTORY)
All documents for this subject (1)
1
review
By: meatballoser • 9 months ago
Seller
Follow
annjstevenson78
Reviews received
Content preview
Revision notes: Modern Europe, 1750–1921
The Russian Revolution, 1894–1921
1 What were the causes and outcomes of the 1905 Revolution up to 1914?
a The tsarist regime and pressures for change - 1894 to 1917: the country was ruled by
Tsar Nicholas II – an autocrat with unlimited power and was opposed to reforms
1 Ethnic and religious diversity
a. multiracial, multifaith empire
• only 45% of the population were ethnic Russians; the rest comprised
Armenians, Germans, Georgians, Poles and Ukrainians, as well as
many Asiatic peoples
• each of these groups was proud of its nationality, language, history
and religion
b. Russification
• the tsarist regime alienated the different ethnic groups through this
policy
• enforced Russian language and Orthodox Christianity and laws
• alienated religious and ethnic groups - 70% of the population followed
the Orthodox faith, but there were significant Catholic, Muslim and
Jewish minorities. Russia’s 5 million Jews endured frequent
persecution (pogroms)
2 Social hierarchy
a. landowning aristocracy supported the tsar
• the nobility did not act as a check on the power of the monarchy
• owed their social position largely to military and civil service to the
state
b. tsar appointed leaders of Orthodox Church
• exercised great influence over society, especially in rural areas
c. peasants
• belonged to communes or mirs – agricultural cooperatives which
organised the distribution of land between households
• had to pay taxes, forced service and redemption payments (for the
land they received)
, • frequent famines
• widespread poverty and production levels were low
• encouraged to move from the west of Russia to Siberia, where land
was plentiful but natural conditions were too harsh to support a
prosperous agriculture
3 Economic structure
a. underdeveloped agricultural methods
• no one interested in any form of modernisation to improve output
b. unfair and corrupt taxation system
• central government did not impose a fair level of taxation on the
Russian ruling class; instead the government relied heavily on indirect
taxes, levied on goods
c. wheat exports did not benefit the peasantry
d. railways expanded, but thinly spread across Russia due to its size
4 Political system
a. Nicholas II became tsar in 1894 – autocratic and resistant to change
• felt threatened; considered the innovations being developed in the
West as unsuitable for his country
b. Tsar
• in charge of appointing and dismissing ministers
• no parliament to limit his authority
• used army and secret police (Okhrana) to put down violent unrest
• uninterested in matters of government
• easily swayed by ministers who also opposed reforms
c. weaknesses of State Council and the Senate
• consisted of senior advisers to the tsar, had no powers
• the system was confused and the powers of the senate were unclear
d. inefficiencies of local officials and zemstvos
• limited powers of the zemstvos could be overruled by governors and
other officials who generally opposed reforms
5 Witte’s reforms
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through EFT, credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying this summary from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller annjstevenson78. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy this summary for R304,98. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.