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Summary YR 2 CONTENT
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Summary of 4 pages for the course Foundations Of Biomedical, Behavioural And Social Sciences For Medicine 2020/21 at UoS (YR 2 CONTENT)
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Cancer cell biologyTumour heterogeneity:
Tumours demonstrate distinct morphology and phenotypic
profiles
Occurs between tumours and within tumours
DNA mutations: change in the sequence of bases, can occur randomly, replicative
damage,mutagens
Key mutations:
Substitution- single nucleotide is replaced- can be silent due to the degenerate
nature of the genetic code
Deletion- single nucleotide is removed
Insertion- single nucleotide is added
Main pathways implicated in genomic instability:
Base and nucleotide excision repair
Mismatch repair
Double strand break repair
DNA replication
Chromosome segregation
Telomere maintenance
Characteristic features of cancer genomes:
Whole genome duplication
Chromosomal loss and gain
Translocations
Hypermutation
Cancer can arise from the expression of mutant forms of protein:
Extra and intra cellular signalling molecules
Signal receptors
Signal transducing proteins
Transcriptional factors
Cell cycle control proteins
DNA repair proteins
Apoptotic proteins eg tumour suppressors that promote apoptosis and
oncogenes that promote cell survival
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