straighterline cultural anthropology 101 final exa
the early twentieth century
the late twentieth century and today
to which of the following groups is
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STRAIGHTERLINE CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 101
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The nineteenth century: Answer - · Unilineal cultural evolutionism: Maintains that all human cultural groups progress through the same phases.
· Biological determinism: Sees genetic differences among races as playing a key role
in determining culture.
The early twentieth century Answer - · Historical particularism: Claims that cultural change is best studied by examining history.
· Functionalism: Maintains that the development of cultural beliefs and behaviors all serve to address the basic necessities of humans.
· Structural functionalism: Sees culturally specific items as benefiting the larger social
group; sometimes referred to as social determinism.
· The culture-and-personality approach: Seeks to explain variation in beliefs and behaviors as an outgrowth of socialization patterns and psychological development.
The mid-twentieth century Answer - · Ethnoscience: The systematic study of relationships between human cognition and language; focuses on how societies label and classify the world around them.
· Structuralism: Focuses on universal binaries or oppositional relationships in human thought and social life, such as light and dark, male and female, and so on.
· Ecological anthropology: Maintains that the environment is the primary factor in shaping culture.
· Cultural ecology: A subset of ecological anthropology that examines technology, adaptation, and resulting modes of production.
· Multilineal evolutionism: Claims that every society and culture evolves in its own unique progressive direction.
The late twentieth century and today Answer - · Symbolic anthropology: Studies how
cultures create symbols to direct emotional expression and organize social life.
· Behavioral ecology: Uses evolutionary models to understand humans.
· Cultural materialism: Maintains that the existence of cultural behaviors acts to positively affect the culture.
· Postmodernism: Places high importance on the individual and the uniqueness of an
individual's forms of expression.
· Reflexive anthropology: Takes into account the effects of an anthropologist's actions and interactions when doing field work. reflexive anthropology Answer - What is the movement that categorizes anthropology as both science and humanities?
Biological anthropology and linguistics Answer - In addition to cultural anthropology and archaeology, what are the other two subfields of anthropology?
To which of the following groups is an anthropologist ethically responsible? Answer -
The subjects, None of the above, The discipline of anthropology, The public, All of the above (right answer)
cultural relativism Answer - Anthropologists maintain that putting oneself in the shoes of the consultant or culture being studied ex:Even though the African American dialect of Ebonics differs in the grammatical rules of the English that is taught in the American school system, I can recognize that it is a cultural trait that might work to strengthen the bonds within the African American community.
ethnocentrism Answer - minimizes biased results by eliminating the temptation to judge others by the standards of one's own culture ex: I can recognize the advantages of the African American dialect of Ebonics, but it is a shame it does not follow the proper grammatical rules of real English.
Diffusion Answer - The slow spread of cultural traits outward from a given source region
Enculturation Answer - The process of learning about one's own culture by living in it
from an early age.
Acculturation Answer - The exchange of traits among two or more societies with close proximity to each other.
Innovation Answer - The creation of something that has never been created before.
Invention Answer - The creation of something that never existed, inspired by established concepts or things.
Phoneme Answer - Each separate sound that signifies a distinction in meaning and is produced by the smallest unit possible.
Morpheme Answer - Combining phonemes together to form a meaningful unit.
Syntax Answer - How morphemes are arranged into meaningful phrases and sentences, otherwise known as grammar.
Displacement refers to how humans develop and make use of symbols that are connected to far-away time and space to communicate Answer - True
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