EXAM TEST/COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED DETAILED ANSWERS (MOST TEST
QUESTIONS) ALREADY GRADED A+
Metaplasia
Mature cell type that is replaced by a different mature cell type
Adaptive mechanism that provides more resistance tissue
ex) Smoker cells
Dysplasia
Abnormal growth or development of a tissue or organ
Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue
Large nuclei are frequently presentRate of mitosis is increased
ex) Chronic irritation, Infection, Precancerous change
Hypoxia
Deficiency in amount of oxygen in the tissues
Down symdrome
Trisomy 21
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of the cells, results in reduced tissue mass
ex) Shrinkage of skeletal muscle that occurs when a limb is immobilized
in a cast for several weeks
,Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size, results in enlarged tissue mass
ex) Heart
Chromosomal Disorder
ex) Turner Syndrome, Down Syndrome
Autosomal Dominant Disorders
Only takes one gene for disease to show. There are no carriers, either
have disease or don't.
ex: Marfan Syndrome, Huntington's, Familial Hypercholesterolemia
X-Linked Disorders
Disorder carried on the x chromosome
ex) Color Blindness
Mulit-factor Disorder
ex) Club Foot, Cleft lip, Palate and Congenital Heart defects
Ischemia
Decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue or organ, due to
circulatory obstruction
Necrosis
Death of tissue cells
Human Genome Project
Map the nucleotide sequence and identify the genes on each human
chromosome.
Individuals who express which genetic feature, female or male, are
more likely to experience X-linked diseases?
Males
Which individual(s) could benefit from genetic testing? Select all
that apply.
- Newborn after two days of age
- Childbearing age whose sibling has sickle cell disease
- Male who wonders if he fathered a child
, - Young adult who wants to find their biological parents
Which type of gene is carried on the X and Y chromosomes?
Sex-linked
Characteristics of X-linked recessive disorders include which of the
following?
The son of a carrier mother has a 50% chance of not having the disorder.
Genes for which disorders are coded on the Y chromosome?
ex) Testis development
Type A blood is dominant to type O blood (recessive). In which
condition is it possible for a man and a woman, each with type A
blood, to have a child that is type O?
Both the man and woman are AO.
Which of the following are common physical characteristics of
Down syndrome? Select all that apply.
- Large protruding tongue
- Congenital heart defect
Which woman is at highest risk of conceiving a child with Down
syndrome?
43-year-old undergoing artificial insemination
Which are characteristics common in clients with down syndrome?
Select all that apply.
- Short broad hands
- Narrow ear canals
- Flattened nose and face
A woman in her early 40s (forties) gave birth to an infant with a flat
nose, wide nose bridge, bright blue eyes, a flat face, and simian
creases on their hands. Mother and infant are both doing well.
Which type of Down syndrome is this infant most likely to have?
Three complete copies of the 21st chromosome in every cell
The safest ways to diagnose an unborn child having a major genetic
defect, such as Down syndrome, are by testing cells from which two
locations?
- Cells in the amniotic fluid
- Placenta
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