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Midterm Exam: NR565/ NR 565 Advanced Pharmacology Care of the Fundamentals Exam | Questions and Verified Answers (2023/ 2024 Update)- Chamberlain

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Midterm Exam: NR565/ NR 565 Advanced Pharmacology Care of the Fundamentals Exam | Questions and Verified Answers (2023/ 2024 Update)- Chamberlain

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未来展望
Contents

Chapter 展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展 Pages
(1) 。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY ............................................................................................... 5
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
PART I PHARMACOKINETICS ........................................................................................................................................ 5
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
PART II PHARMACODYNAMICS .................................................................................................................................... 8
(2) 步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
AGENTS, CONTROLLING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ................. 12
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
PART I LOCAL ANESTHETICS ................................................................................................................................................................................ 12
通等领域带来更多的创新应用。
PART II CHOLINOMIMETIC DRUGS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 16
PART III CHOLINORECEPTOR BLOCKING DRUGS............................................................................................................................................. 19
PART IV ADRENORECEPTOR ACTIVATING DRUGS.......................................................................................................................................... 24
未来展望
PART V ADRENORECEPTOR ANTAGONIST DRUGS .......................................................................................................................................... 29
(3) AGENTS, CONTROLLING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ........................ 34
展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
PART I HYPNOTIC DRUGS。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
...................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
PART II ANTISEIZURE DRUGS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 38
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
PART III ANTIPARKINSONIAN AGENTS .............................................................................................................................................................. 41
PART IV ETHYL ALCOHOL加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
.................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
PART V NARCOTIC ANALGESICS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 46
PART VI NON-NARCOTIC ANALGESICS ............................................................................................................................................................. 49
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
PART VII ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 51
通等领域带来更多的创新应用。
PART VIII ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENTS ............................................................................................................................................................... 54
PART IX ANXIOLYTIC AGENTS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 57
PART X CNS STIMULANTS未来展望.................................................................................................................................................................................... 60
PART XI DRUGS OF ABUSE.................................................................................................................................................................................... 63
PART XII GENERAL ANESTHETICS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 65
展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
(4) ORGANOTROPIC AGENTS .................................................................................................................................. 68
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
PART I DRUGS ACTING ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................................... 68
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
PART II DRUGS USED IN GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES ............................................................................................................................... 70
PART III DRUGS ACTING加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
ON HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................. 73
PART IV DRUGS USED IN步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
DISORDERS OF COAGULATION.............................................................................................................................. 74
PART V DRUGS USED FOR TREATMENT OF HEART FAILURE ........................................................................................................................ 76
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
PART VI ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENTS ................................................................................................................................................................. 78
通等领域带来更多的创新应用。
PART VII DRUGS FOR ANGINA PECTORIS TREATMENT ................................................................................................................................ 80
PART VIII ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS ............................................................................................................................................................. 83
PART IX HYPERTENSIVE未来展望 (ANTI-HYPOTENSIVE) DRUGS. DRUGS INFLUENCING CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW. ANTI-MIGRAINE
AGENTS ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 85

(5) 展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
METABOLIC PROFILE DRUGS .......................................................................................................................... 88
PART I HYPOTHALAMIC 。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
& PITUITARY HORMONES, THYROID & ANTITHYROID DRUGS .................................................................. 88
PART II PANCREATIC HORMONES & ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS ...................................................................................................................... 91
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
PART III THE GONADAL HORMONES & INHIBITORS ..................................................................................................................................... 93
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
PART IV GLUCOCORTICOID , STEROIDAL & NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS.......................................................... 95
PART V IMMUNOTROPIC步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
& ANTIALLERGIC AGENTS .................................................................................................................................... 98
PART VI VITAMINS, VITAMIN -LIKE COMPOUNDS, ANTIVITAMINS, ENZYMES & ANTIENZYMES ................................................. 104
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
PART VII ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC DRUGS & DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF GOUT ............................................................... 110
PART VIII AGENTS THAT通等领域带来更多的创新应用。
AFFECT BONE MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS ....................................................................................................... 114
PART IX MINERALOCORTICOID, MINERALOCORTICOID ANTAGONISTS, DIURETICS, PLASMA EXPANDERS ............................. 120
(6) 未来展望
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS ....................................................................................................................... 124
PART I ANTIBIOTICS .................................................................................................................................................... 124
展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
PART II SYNTHETIC ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS ....................................................................................................... 129
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
PART III ANTIPROTOZOAL AND ANTHELMINTIC DRUGS ................................................................................... 132
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
PART IV ANTIVIRAL AGENTS. AGENTS FOR CHEMOTHERAPY OF CANCER .................................................. 135
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用。

未来展望

展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
Multiple choice questions

。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
Multiple choice questions

, 未来展望
5
(1) GENERAL PRINCIPLES展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
OF PHARMACOLOGY

PART I PHARMACOKINETICS
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
01. Pharmacokinetics is:
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
a) The study of biological and therapeutic effects of drugs
b) The study of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
c) The study of mechanisms of drug action
d) The study of methods习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
of new drug development
02. 通等领域带来更多的创新应用。
What does “pharmacokinetics” include?
a) Complications of drug therapy
b) Drug biotransformation in the organism
c) Influence of drugs on未来展望
metabolism processes
d) Influence of drugs on genes
02. What does “pharmacokinetics”
展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
include?
a) Pharmacological effects of drugs
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
b) Unwanted effects of drugs
c) Chemical structure of断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
a medicinal agent
d) Distribution of drugs in the organism
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
03. What does “pharmacokinetics” include?
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
a) Localization of drug action
b) Mechanisms of drug action
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
c) Excretion of substances
通等领域带来更多的创新应用。
d) Interaction of substances
04. The main mechanism of most drugs absorption in GI tract is:
a) Active transport (carrier-mediated
未来展望 diffusion)
b) Filtration (aqueous diffusion)
c) Endocytosis and exocytosis
展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
d) Passive diffusion (lipid diffusion)
05. What kind of substances can’t permeate membranes by passive diffusion?
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
a) Lipid-soluble
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
b) Non-ionized substances
c) Hydrophobic substances
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
d) Hydrophilic substances
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
06. A hydrophilic medicinal agent has the following property:
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
a) Low ability to penetrate through the cell membrane lipids
b) Penetrate through membranes by means of endocytosis
通等领域带来更多的创新应用。
c) Easy permeation through the blood-brain barrier
d) High reabsorption in renal tubules
未来展望
07. What is implied by «active transport»?
a) Transport of drugs trough a membrane by means of diffusion
b) Transport without energy consumption
展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
c) Engulf of drug by a cell membrane with a new vesicle formation
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
d) Transport against concentration gradient
08. What does the term “bioavailability” mean?
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
a) Plasma protein binding degree of substance
b) Permeability through加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
the brain-blood barrier
c) Fraction of an uncharged drug reaching the systemic circulation following any route administration
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
d) Amount of a substance in urine relative to the initial doze
09. The reasons determing习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
bioavailability are:
a) Rheological parameters通等领域带来更多的创新应用。
of blood
b) Amount of a substance obtained orally and quantity of intakes
c) Extent of absorption and hepatic first-pass effect
未来展望
d) Glomerular filtration rate
10. Pick out the appropriate alimentary route of administration when passage of drugs through liver is minimized:
a) Oral 展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
b) Transdermal
c) Rectal 。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
d) Intraduodenal 断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
11. Which route of drug administration is most likely to lead to the first-pass effect?
a) Sublingual
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用。

未来展望

展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
Multiple choice questions

。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
Multiple choice questions

, 未来展望
6

b) Oral 展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
c) Intravenous
d) Intramuscular 。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
12. What is characteristic of断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
the oral route?
a) Fast onset of effect 加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
b) Absorption depends on GI tract secretion and motor function
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
c) A drug reaches the blood passing the liver
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
d) The sterilization of medicinal forms is obligatory
13. Tick the feature of the sublingual route:
a) Pretty fast absorption
通等领域带来更多的创新应用。
b) A drug is exposed to gastric secretion
c) A drug is exposed more未来展望prominent liver metabolism
d) A drug can be administrated in a variety of doses
14. Pick out the parenteral route of medicinal agent administration:
a) Rectal 展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
b) Oral 。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
c) Sublingual
d) Inhalation 断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
15. Parenteral administration:
a) Cannot be used with unconsciousness patients
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
b) Generally results in a less accurate dosage than oral administration
c) Usually produces a习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
more rapid response than oral administration
d) Is too slow for emergency use
通等领域带来更多的创新应用。
16. What is characteristic of the intramuscular route of drug administration?
a) Only water solutions can be injected
b) Oily solutions can be 未来展望
injected
c) Opportunity of hypertonic solution injections
d) The action develops slower, than at oral administration
展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
17. Intravenous injections are more suitable for oily solutions:
a) True 。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
b) False 断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
18. Correct statements listing characteristics of a particular route of drug administration include all of the following EXCEPT:
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
a) Intravenous administration provides a rapid response
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
b) Intramuscular administration requires a sterile technique
c) Inhalation provides slow access to the general circulation
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
d) Subcutaneous administration may cause local irritation
通等领域带来更多的创新应用。
19. Most of drugs are distributed homogeneously.
a) True
b) False 未来展望
20. Biological barriers include all except:
a) Renal tubules
b) Cell membranes 展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
c) Capillary walls 。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
d) Placenta
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
21. What is the reason of complicated penetration of some drugs through brain-blood barrier?
a) High lipid solubility of加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
a drug
b) Meningitis
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
c) Absence of pores in the brain capillary endothelium
d) High endocytosis degree 习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
in a brain capillary
22. The volume of distribution 通等领域带来更多的创新应用。
(Vd) relates:
a) Single to a daily dose of an administrated drug
b) An administrated dose to a body weight
未来展望
c) An uncharged drug reaching the systemic circulation
d) The amount of a drug in the body to the concentration of a drug in plasma
23. For the calculation of the volume of distribution (Vd) one must take into account:
展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
a) Concentration of a substance in plasma
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
b) Concentration of substance in urine
c) Therapeutical width of drug action
d) A daily dose of drug
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
24. A small amount of the volume of distribution is common for lipophylic substances easy penetrating through barriers and
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
widely distributing in plasma, interstitial and cell fluids:
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用。

未来展望

展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
Multiple choice questions

。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
Multiple choice questions

, 未来展望
7
展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
a) True
b) False 。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
25. 断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
The term “biotransformation” includes the following:
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
a) Accumulation of substances in a fat tissue
b) Binding of substances with plasma proteins
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
c) Accumulation of substances in a tissue
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
d) Process of physicochemical and biochemical alteration of a drug in the body
26. Biotransformation of the drugs is to render them:
a) Less ionized
通等领域带来更多的创新应用。
b) More pharmacologically active
c) More lipid soluble 未来展望
d) Less lipid soluble
27. Tick the drug type for which microsomal oxidation is the most prominent:
a) Lipid soluble 展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
b) Water soluble 。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
c) Low molecular weight
d) High molecular weight断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
28. Pick out the right statement:
a) Microsomal oxidation步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
always results in inactivation of a compound
b) Microsomal oxidation results in a decrease of compound toxicity
c) Microsomal oxidation 习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
results in an increase of ionization and water solubility of a drug
d) Microsomal oxidation通等领域带来更多的创新应用。
results in an increase of lipid solubility of a drug thus its excretion from the organism is facilitated
29. Stimulation of liver microsomal enzymes can:
a) Require the dose increase of some drugs
未来展望
b) Require the dose decrease of some drugs
c) Prolong the duration of the action of a drug
d) Intensify the unwanted reaction of a drug
展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
30. Metabolic transformation (phase 1) is:
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
a) Acetylation and methylation of substances
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
b) Transformation of substances due to oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis
c) Glucuronide formation
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
d) Binding to plasma proteins
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
31. Biotransformation of a medicinal substance results in:
a) Faster urinary excretion
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
b) Slower urinary excretion
c) Easier distribution in 通等领域带来更多的创新应用。
organism
d) Higher binding to membranes
32. Conjugation is: 未来展望
a) Process of drug reduction by special enzymes
b) Process of drug oxidation by special oxidases
c) Coupling of a drug 展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
with an endogenous substrate
d) Solubilization in lipids
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
33. Which of the following processes proceeds in the second phase of biotransformation?
a) Acetylation 断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
b) Reduction 加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
c) Oxidation
d) Hydrolysis 步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
34. Conjugation of a drug includes the following EXCEPT:
a) Glucoronidation
b) Sulfate formation
通等领域带来更多的创新应用。
c) Hydrolysis
d) Methylation 未来展望
35. Metabolic transformation and conjugation usually results in an increase of a substance biological activity:
a) True
b) False 展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
36. In case of liver disorders accompanied by a decline in microsomal enzyme activity the duration of action of some drugs
is: 断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
a) Decreased
b) Enlarged 加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
c) Remained unchanged 步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
d) Changed insignificantly
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用。

未来展望

展望未来，科技将继续深刻影响社会的发展
Multiple choice questions


。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
Multiple choice questions

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