NR507/ NR 507 Midterm Exam (Latest 2024/ 2025
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Complete Guide
with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct |
Grade A – Chamberlain
Hypersensitivity: Type 1 - ANSWER •Type 1: Allergic reaction
•Mediated by IgE
•Inflammation due to mast cell degranulation
•Local symptoms: itching, rash
•Systemic symptoms: wheezing
•Most dangerous form is an anaphylactic reaction-systemic response-
hypotension, severe bronchoconstriction
•Main treatment: epinephrine reverses the effects
Hypersensitivity: Type 2 - ANSWER •Type 2: Cytotoxic reaction; tissue specific (e.g. thyroid tissue)
•Macrophages are the primary effectors cells involved
•Can cause tissue damage or alter function
•Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism)-example of altering thyroid function, but does not destroy thyroid tissue •Incompatible blood type-example of cell/tissue damage that occurs; severe transfusion reaction occurs and the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination or complement-mediated lysis.
Difference Between Type 2 and Type 3 - ANSWER •Type 3
is not organ specific
the antibody binds to soluble antigen outside the cell surface that was released into the blood or body fluids, and the complex is then deposited in the tissues
Difference Between Type 2 and Type 3 - ANSWER •Type 2
is organ specific
•The antibody binds to the antigen on the cell surface
Hypersensitivity: Type 3-Examples - ANSWER •Rheumatoid arthritis-antigen/antibodies are deposited in the joints
•Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)-very closely related to autoimmunity-
antigen/antibodies deposit in organs that cause tissue damage Scope of Damage of SLE-Type 3-autoimmune response - ANSWER •Facial rash confined to the cheeks (malar rash)
•Discoid rash (raised patches, scaling)
•Photosensitivity (development of skin rash developed as a result of exposure to sunlight)
•Oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers
Scope of Damage of SLE-Type 3-autoimmune response cont. - ANSWER •Hematologic disorders (hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, lymphopenia, or thrombocytopenia)
•Immunologic disorders (antibodies against double-stranded DNA [dsDNA] or Smith [Sm] antigen, false-positive serologic test for syphilis, or antiphospholipid antibodies [anticardiolipin antibody or lupus anticoagulant])
Scope of Damage of SLE-Type 3-autoimmune response cont. - ANSWER •Non-erosive arthritis of at least two peripheral joints
•Serositis (pleurisy, pericarditis)
•Renal disorder (persistent proteinuria of >0.5 g/day or >3 g/day on dipstick or cellular casts)
•Neurologic disorders (seizures or psychosis in the absence of known causes)
•Presence of antinuclear antibody (ANA) A Word About Autoimmunity - ANSWER •Autoimmune diseases can be familial.
•Affected family members may not all develop the same disease, but several members may have different disorders characterized by a variety of hypersensitivity reactions
•These include autoimmune and allergic reactions.
•Associations with particular autoimmune diseases have been identified for a variety of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles or non-MHC genes.
Alloimmunity - ANSWER •General term used to describe when an individual's immune system reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species
Examples of Alloimmunity - ANSWER Hemolytic disease of the newborn, transplant rejection, transfusion reaction
Hypersensitivity: Type 4 - ANSWER •Delayed response •Does not involve antigen/antibody complexes like Types I, II and III
•Is T-cell mediated
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