Summary
Summary Disorders of Neurovegetative function
- Course
- Psychology (PSYC7312)
- Institution
- University Of The Freestate (UFS)
A summary of all the sleep disorders and sleep related disorders to Abnormal Psychology
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Learning Unit FiveDisorders of Neurovegetative function
Feeding and Eating Disorder
o A persistently maladaptive
o Describe illnesses that are
pattern of eating, and related
characterized by irregular
behaviours, are central to the
eating habits and severe diagnosis of feeding and
distress about their body eating disorders.
weight/shape
o Despite shared features, the
o An eating disturbance may clinical presentation outcome
change cause and treatments are different
inadequate/excessive food for DSM-5 feeding and for
intake which can damage one’s eating disorder.
well being o DSM-5 recognizes three feeding
and three eating disorders:
o Persistent disturbances to
pica, rumination disorder,
eating and associated
avoidant restrictive food
behaviours, cause significant intake disorder, anorexia
nervosa, bulimia nervosa and
o Obesity is not regarded as a mental disorder. Obesity represents
binge-eating disorder. a specific
physical state and it has no predominant psychological characteristic. This
does not mean that the impact of obesity is not significant in mental health.
To the contrary, strong associations between obesity and specific mental
disorders exist, namely binge-eating disorder, schizophrenia and mood
disorders. Also, obesity is a common and problematic side-effect of many
psychotropic medications, notably antipsychotic agents and certain
, LO1: Identify the characteristics of the following feeding
disorders
Pica Rumination Avoidant/ Restrictive
Food Intake Disorder
Disorder
o it is not uncommon for people o Rafter feeding or eating. o Avoidant/restrictive
deficient in one or another food intake disorder is
nutrient to crave strange o To ruminate literally means to a replacement and
foods, and even to eat non- chew cud, as is the practice extension of the DSM-IV
foodstuffs such as sand or with cattle, who are feeding disorder of
clay. This behavior is known zoologically categorized as infancy and childhood.
as Pica and, although a ruminating animals. Cattle
natural phenomenon, it could transiently store partly o The avoidance of food
form the basis of the feeding digested food in the and restriction of its
disorder pica. forestomach, which they later intake characterize this
regurgitate and chew again to condition. Some children
o Pica is characterized by further the process of appear particularly
persistently eating one or digestion. averse to certain
more non-nutritive, non-food sensory qualities of
substances for at least a o Without apparent retching, foods – appearance,
month. Non-food materials nausea or digust at the smell and texture as
ingested in pica include ice, practice, a person with well as taste.
starch, clay, chalk, paint, rumination disorder brings up
paper, soap, string, soil, previously swallowed food – o People with autism with
faeces and hair. often partially digested – heightened sensory
into the oral cavity to awareness may display
o The ingestion of hair is well rechew. Sometimes, this similar attitudes
known in medicine as it may partially digested material towards foods. Indeed,
cause intestinal obstruction may be ejected from the mouth. autistic spectrum
due to the clogging of the disorders, along with
hair into a ball through o The behavior tends to be more attention deficit
repeated intestinal movements. common in people with mental hyperactivity disorder,
This hair ball is known as a retardation, although a degree obsessive-compulsive
trichobezoar. of rumination is not unusual disorder (OCD) and
in infants, where it usually anxiety disorders, may
o The prevalence of pica is not presents between three and 12
known. Both females and males increase the risk of
months. avoidant/restrictive
are affected. Most commonly,
it emerges in childhood, but food intake disorder.
o Lack of stimulation, parental
it can appear at any time. neglect and other early o Infants become agitated
stressors are likely to be when fed and might not
o During pregnancy, chalk or ice factors in its development.
cravings and eating may engaged in feeding
manifest. However, diagnosing related behaviours.
o Malnutrition is a common
pica in pregnancy is only Infants may appear
complication.
appropriate if eating non- apathetic or irritable
nutritive or non-food o Social isolation may and difficult to console
materials proves physically complicate its course in older during feeding.
dangerous. children and adults who,
o Weight loss, failure to
realizing the social
o Also, where the consumption of thrive, nutritional
disapproval and disgust with
clays, chalks and other non- deficiencies and, later,
which the behavior is met,
nutritive or non-food dependence on
avoid eating with others.
materials is culturally or nutritional
Understandably, physical
religiously sanctioned, the supplementation are its
illnesses such as gastro-
practice cannot be regarded as consequences.
oesophageal motility, pyloric
pica. stenosis and problems with
gastric emptying must be
o Pica is encountered more excluded diagnostically.
frequently in people with
intellectual impairment and
, Anorexia Nervosa
DSM-5 Criteria for Anorexia Medical complications
Nervosa o Physical conditions arise due to nutritional
deficiency, the chronic state of catabolism
A. Restriction of energy intake (or breaking down of the body), metabolic and
relative to requirements, electrolyte disturbances, physical wasting
leading to a significantly low and surgical complications.
body weight in the context of
age, sex, developmental o As a minimum amount of fat is required to
trajectory and physical health. produce the sex hormones, including
oestrogen, one common complication of
Significantly low weight is
anorexia nervosa is amenorrhea, or the
defined as a weight that is less cessation of menstruation. (Amenorrhea also
than minimally normal or, for occurs relatively often in bulimia).
children and adolescents, less
than that minimally expected. o Although an attractive physical metric for
the severity of food restriction, amenorrhea
B. Intense fear of gaining weight occurs unpredictably and does not affect all
or of becoming fat, or patients. Because of this inconsistency,
persistent behavior that amenorrhea was dropped as a diagnostic
criterion in DSM-5.
interferes with weight gain,
even though at a significantly o Other medical signs and symptoms of anorexia
low weight. include dry skin, brittle hair or nails and
cold intolerance. Also, it is relatively
C. Disturbance in the way in which common to see lanugo, downy hair on the limbs
one’s body weight or shape on and cheeks.
self-evaluation, or persistent
o Cardiovascular problems, such as chronically
lack of recognition of the
low blood pressure and heart rate, can also
seriousness of the current low
result
body weight.
o If vomiting is part of the anorexia, the
Specify type: complications described for bulimia may occur
– ranging from electrolyte imbalance to
• Restricting type: During the oesophageal rupture. Likewise are the
last three months, the complications
Other of diuretic, laxative
psychopathologies andandcommon
diet-
individual has not engaged in
recurrent episodes of binge
comorbid disorders
eating or purging behavior (i.e. o Anxiety disorders and depressive disorders
self-induced vomiting or the are often present in individuals with
misuse of laxatives, diuretics anorexia
or enemas). This subtype
describes presentations in which o Up to 71% of patients experience major
weight loss is accomplished depression at some point during their lives
primarily through dieting,
fasting, and/or excessive o OCD is a common comorbid condition
exercise
o In anorexia, unpleasant thoughts are focused
on gaining weight, and individuals engage in
a variety of behaviours, some of them
ritualistic, to rid themselves of such
thoughts.
o Future research will determine whether
anorexia and OCD are truly similar or simply
resemble each other. What is well recognized
is the emergence of obsessive thinking and
compulsive behaviours with increasing
starvation.
o Substance abuse is also common in individuals
with anorexia nervosa, and, in conjunction
with anorexia, is a strong predictor of
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