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Exam 1: BSC2086/ BSC 2086 (Latest 2024/ 2025 Update) Anatomy and Physiology II Complete Guide | Qs & As| 100% Correct| Grade A (Verified Answers)
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Exam 1: BSC2086/ BSC 2086 (Latest 2024/ 2025 Update) Anatomy and Physiology II Complete Guide | Qs & As| 100% Correct| Grade A (Verified Answers)
Q: Modality
Answer:
type of stimulus
Q: Types of Modalities
Answer:
•Physical force (such as pressure)
•Dissolved chemical
•Sound...
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spermatogenesis
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Examl1:lBSC2086/lBSCl2086lAnatomylandl
PhysiologylIIlCompletelGuidel|lQsl&lAs|l
100%lCorrect|lGradelAl(VerifiedlAnswers)
Q:lModality
Answer:
typeloflstimulus
Q:lTypesloflModalities
Answer:
•Physicallforcel(suchlaslpressure)
•Dissolvedlchemical
•Sound
•Light
Q:lEachl___l___lconsistsloflaxonslcarryinglinfolaboutloneltypeloflmodality
Answer:
labeledlline
Q:lSensations
Answer:
•Taste,lhearing,lequilibrium,landlvisionlprovidedlbylspecializedlreceptorlcells
•Communicatelwithlsensorylneuronslacrosslchemicallsynapses
Q:lAdaptation
Answer:
•Reductionlinlsensitivityloflalconstantlstimulus
•Yourlnervouslsystemlquicklyladaptsltolstimulilthatlarelpainlesslandlconstant
•ex.lNewlsmells,lpressurel(wearingljewelry)
,Q:lTypeslofladaptation
Answer:
centrallandlperipheral
Q:lCentralladaptation
Answer:
Inhibitionloflnucleilalonglalsensorylpathwayl(occurslinlthelCNS);lex.lnewlsmellslstilllstimulatel
sensorylreceptor,lbutlcorticallneuronslnollongerlrespondltolthelstimulation
Q:lPeripheralladaptation
Answer:
Occurslatlthellevelloflthelreceptorl(receptorlrespondslinitiallyltolstimulus,lthenlstops);lex.ltherm
oreceptors
Q:lToniclreceptors
Answer:
•Arelalwayslactive
•Showllittlelperipheralladaptation
•Arelslow-adaptinglreceptors
•Remindlyouloflanlinjuryllonglafterlthelinitialldamagelhasloccurred
•ex.lPainlreceptorsl(nociceptors)
Q:lPhasiclreceptors
Answer:
•Arelnormallylinactive
•Becomelactivelforlalshortltimelwheneverlalchangeloccurs
•Arelfast-adaptinglreceptors
•Providelinformationlaboutlthelintensitylandlrateloflchangeloflalstimulus
•ex.lThermoreceptorsldetectlrapidlchangeslinltemperature
Q:lAdaptationlPathway
Answer:
•Stimulationloflalreceptorlproduceslactionlpotentials;lalonglthelaxonloflalsensorylneuron
,•Thelfrequencylandlpatternloflactionlpotentialslcontainlinformationlaboutlthelstrength,lduration,
landlvariationloflthelstimulus
•Yourlperceptionloflthelnatureloflthatlstimulus;ldependslonlthelpathlitltakeslinsidelthelCNS
Q:lClassifyinglSensorylReceptors
Answer:
exteroceptors,lproprioceptors,linteroceptors
Q:lExteroceptors
Answer:
providelinformationlaboutlthelexternallenvironment
Q:lProprioceptors
Answer:
•Reportlthelpositionsloflskeletallmuscleslandljoints
•Providelalpurelylsomaticlsensation
•Nolproprioceptorslinlthelviscerallorgansloflthelthoraciclandlabdominopelviclcavities
Q:lInteroceptors
Answer:
monitorlviscerallorganslandlfunctions
Q:lGenerallSensorylReceptors
Answer:
1.lNociceptorsl(pain)
2.lThermoreceptorsl(temperature)
3.lMechanoreceptorsl(physicalldistortion)
4.lChemoreceptorsl(chemicallconcentration)
Q:lNociceptorsl(PainlReceptors)
Answer:
•Arelcommon:linlthelsuperficiallportionsloflthelskin,linljointlcapsules,lwithinlthelperiostealoflb
ones,laroundlthelwallsloflbloodlvessels
, •Maylbelsensitivelto:ltemperaturelextremes,lmechanicalldamage,ldissolvedlchemicalsl(suchlaslc
hemicalslreleasedlbylinjuredlcells)
•Arelfreelnervelendingslwithllargelreceptivelfields:lbranchingltipslofldendrites,lnotlprotectedlby
laccessorylstructures,lcanlbelstimulatedlbylmanyldifferentlstimulil•Twoltypesloflaxons:lTypelAl
(largelmyelinated)landlTypelCl(smalllunmyelinated)lfibers
Q:lNociceptorslTypelAlfibers
Answer:
•Carrylsensationsloflfastlpain,lorlpricklinglpain,lsuchlaslthatlcausedlbylanlinjectionlorlaldeeplcu
t
•SensationslreachlthelCNSlquicklylandloftenltriggerlsomaticlreflexes
•Relayedltolthelprimarylsensorylcortexlandlreceivelconsciouslattention
Q:lNociceptorslTypelClfibers
Answer:
•Carrylsensationsloflslowlpain,lorlburninglandlachinglpain
•Causelalgeneralizedlactivationloflthelreticularlformationlandlthalamus
•Youlbecomelawareloflthelpainlbutlonlylhavelalgenerallidealoflthelarealaffected
Q:lAnalgesia
Answer:
inabilityltolfeellpain
Q:lHypergesia
Answer:
increasedlsensitivityltolpain
Q:lThermoreceptors
Answer:
•Alsolcalledltemperaturelreceptors
•Arelfreelnervelendingsllocatedlin:ltheldermis,lskeletallmuscles,lthelliver,lthelhypothalamus
•Conductedlalonglthelsamelpathwayslthatlcarrylpainlsensations
•Sentlto:lthelreticularlformation,lthelthalamus,lthelprimarylsensorylcortexl(tolallesserlextent)
Q:lMechanoreceptors