Test Bank Complete_
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (Guyton Physiology) 14th Edition
By John E. Hall PhD (Author), Michael E. Hall MD MSc. (Author)
All Chapters 1-86| 14 Units| Newest Version with all Chapters| With Correct Answers
,UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY: THE CELL AND GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY ___________________________ 5
Chapter 01: Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the "Internal Environment" _______________________________ 5
Chapter 02: The Cell And Its Functions _____________________________________________________________________________ 11
Chapter 03: Genetic Control Of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, And Cell Reproduction _______________________________ 19
UNIT II: MEMBRANE PHYSIOLOGY, NERVE, AND MUSCLE_____________________________________________ 24
Chapter 04: Transport Of Substances Through Cell Membranes ______________________________________________________ 24
Chapter 05: Membrane Potentials And Action Potentials ____________________________________________________________ 37
Chapter 06: Contraction Of Skeletal Muscle ________________________________________________________________________ 52
Chapter 07: Excitation Of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission And Excitation–Contraction Coupling __________ 67
Chapter 08: Excitation And Contraction Of Smooth Muscle __________________________________________________________ 77
UNIT III: THE HEART ___________________________________________________________________________ 83
Chapter 09: Cardiac Muscle; The Heart As A Pump And Function Of The Heart Valves _________________________________ 83
Chapter 10: Rhythmical Excitation Of The Heart ____________________________________________________________________ 85
Chapter 11: The Normal Electrocardiogram ________________________________________________________________________ 87
Chapter 12: Electrocardiographic Interpretation Of Cardiac Muscle And Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial
Analysis _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 90
Chapter 13: Cardiac Arrhythmias And Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation ______________________________________ 92
UNIT IV: THE CIRCULATION _____________________________________________________________________ 94
Chapter 14: Overview Of The Circulation: Pressure, Flow, And Resistance ____________________________________________ 94
Chapter 15: Vascular Distensibility And Functions Of The Arterial And Venous Systems _______________________________ 100
Chapter 16: The Microcirculation And Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, And Lymph Flow __ 106
Chapter 17: Local And Humoral Control Of Tissue Blood Flow ______________________________________________________ 114
Chapter 18: Nervous Regulation Of The Circulation And Rapid Control Of Arterial Pressure ___________________________ 120
Chapter 19: Role Of The Kidneys In Long-Term Control Of Arterial Pressure And In Hypertension: The Integrated System
For Arterial Pressure Regulation _________________________________________________________________________________ 129
Chapter 20: Cardiac Output, Venous Return, And Their Regulation __________________________________________________ 139
Chapter 21: Muscle Blood Flow And Cardiac Output During Exercise; The Coronary Circulation And Ischemic Heart Disease
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 145
Chapter 22: Cardiac Failure ______________________________________________________________________________________ 151
Chapter 23: Heart Valves And Heart Sounds; Valvular And Congenital Heart Defects _________________________________ 153
Chapter 24: Circulatory Shock And Its Treatment __________________________________________________________________ 155
UNIT V: THE BODY FLUIDS AND KIDNEYS _________________________________________________________ 157
Chapter 25: The Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids; Edema ___________________________ 157
Chapter 26: The Urinary System: Functional Anatomy And Urine Formation By The Kidneys __________________________ 169
Chapter 27: Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, And Their Control _____________________________________________ 173
Chapter 28: Renal Tubular Reabsorption And Secretion ____________________________________________________________ 181
Chapter 29: Urine Concentration And Dilution; Regulation Of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity And Sodium Concentration 190
, Chapter 30: Renal Regulation Of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, And Magnesium; Integration Of Renal Mechanisms For
Control Of Blood Volume And Extracellular Fluid Volume __________________________________________________________ 197
Chapter 31: Acid-Base Regulation ________________________________________________________________________________ 204
Chapter 32: Diuretics, Kidney Diseases____________________________________________________________________________ 212
Chapter 33: Red Blood Cells, Anemia, and Polycythemia ___________________________________________________________ 218
Chapter 34: Resistance Of The Body To Infection: I. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, The Monocyte-Macrophage System, And
Inflammation ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 225
Chapter 35: Resistance Of The Body To Infection: II. Immunity And Allergy __________________________________________ 230
Chapter 36: Blood Types; Transfusion; Tissue And Organ Transplantation ___________________________________________ 235
Chapter 37: Hemostasis And Blood Coagulation ___________________________________________________________________ 239
UNIT VII: RESPIRATION ________________________________________________________________________ 244
Chapter 38: Pulmonary Ventilation _______________________________________________________________________________ 244
Chapter 39: Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid ________________________________________________ 251
Chapter 40: Principles Of Gas Exchange; Diffusion Of Oxygen And Carbon Dioxide Through The Respiratory Membrane _ 258
Chapter 41: Transport Of Oxygen And Carbon Dioxide In Blood And Tissue Fluids ____________________________________ 265
Chapter 42: Regulation Of Respiration ____________________________________________________________________________ 274
Chapter 43: Respiratory Insufficiency—Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy_________________________________ 280
UNIT VIII: AVIATION, SPACE, AND DEEP-SEA DIVING PHYSIOLOGY ____________________________________ 285
Chapter 44: Aviation, High Altitude, And Space Physiology _________________________________________________________ 285
Chapter 45: Physiology Of Deep-Sea Diving And Other Hyperbaric Conditions _______________________________________ 291
UNIT IV: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY ___________________ 296
Chapter 46: Organization Of The Nervous System, Basic Functions Of Synapses, And Neurotransmitters _______________ 296
Chapter 47: Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits For Processing Information _______________________________________ 304
Chapter 48: Somatic Sensations: I. General Organization, The Tactile And Position Senses ____________________________ 312
Chapter 49: Somatic Sensations: II. Pain, Headache, And Thermal Sensations ________________________________________ 322
UNIT X: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: B. THE SPECIAL SENSES _____________________________________________ 328
Chapter 50: The Eye: I. Optics Of Vision ___________________________________________________________________________ 328
Chapter 51: The Eye: II. Receptor And Neural Function Of The Retina _______________________________________________ 336
Chapter 52: The Eye: III. Central Neurophysiology Of Vision ________________________________________________________ 343
Chapter 53: The Sense Of Hearing ________________________________________________________________________________ 350
Chapter 54: The Chemical Senses—Taste And Smell _______________________________________________________________ 358
UNIT XI: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: C. MOTOR AND INTEGRATIVE NEUROPHYSIOLOGY _____________________ 364
Chapter 55: Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord; the Cord Reflexes _________________________________________________ 364
Chapter 56: Cortical And Brain Stem Control Of Motor Function ____________________________________________________ 372
Chapter 57: Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to Overall Motor Control _____________________________ 377
Chapter 58: Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions Of The Brain, Learning, And Memory _____________________________ 384
, Chapter 59: Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain - The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus ________ 392
Chapter 60: States Of Brain Activity - Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, And Dementia ________________________ 398
Chapter 61: The Autonomic Nervous System And The Adrenal Medulla _____________________________________________ 404
Chapter 62: Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, And Brain Metabolism _______________________________________ 412
UNIT XII: GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY _______________________________________________________ 424
Chapter 63. General Principles Of Gastrointestinal Function - Motility, Nervous Control, And Blood Circulation ________ 424
Chapter 64: Propulsion And Mixing Of Food In The Alimentary Tract ________________________________________________ 435
Chapter 65: Secretory Functions Of The Alimentary Tract __________________________________________________________ 448
Chapter 66: Digestion And Absorption In The Gastrointestinal Tract ________________________________________________ 463
Chapter 67: Physiology Of Gastrointestinal Disorders ______________________________________________________________ 485
UNIT XIII: METABOLISM AND TEMPERATURE REGULATION __________________________________________ 497
Chapter 68: Metabolism Of Carbohydrates And Formation Of Adenosine Triphosphate _______________________________ 497
Chapter 69: Lipid Metabolism ____________________________________________________________________________________ 516
Chapter 70: Protein Metabolism _________________________________________________________________________________ 545
Chapter 71: The Liver As An Organ _______________________________________________________________________________ 553
Chapter 72: Dietary Balances; Regulation Of Feeding; Obesity And Starvation; Vitamins And Minerals _________________ 569
Chapter 73: Energetics And Metabolic Rate _______________________________________________________________________ 578
Chapter 74: Body Temperature Regulation And Fever ______________________________________________________________ 593
UNIT XIV: ENDOCRINOLOGY AND REPRODUCTION _________________________________________________ 612
Chapter 75: Introduction To Endocrinology _______________________________________________________________________ 612
Chapter 76: Pituitary Hormones And Their Control By The Hypopthalamus __________________________________________ 624
Chapter 77: Thyroid Metabolic Hormones ________________________________________________________________________ 656
Chapter 78: Adenocortical Hormones _____________________________________________________________________________ 678
Chapter 79: Insulin, Glucagon, And Diabetes Mellitus ______________________________________________________________ 701
Chapter 80: Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Calcium And Phosphate Metabolism, Vitamin D, Bone, And Teeth ______ 735
Chapter 81: Reproductive And Hormonal Functions Of The Male (And Function Of The Pineal Gland) ________________ 764
Chapter 82: Female Physiology Before Pregnancy And Female Hormones ___________________________________________ 803
Chapter 83: Pregnancy And Lactation _____________________________________________________________________________ 834
Chapter 84: Fetal And Neonatal Physiology _______________________________________________________________________ 850
UNIT XV: SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY _________________________________________________________________ 877
Chapter 85 Sports Physiology ____________________________________________________________________________________ 877
,UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY: THE CELL AND GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
Chapter 01: Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the "Internal Environment"
Hall: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (Guyton Physiology) 14th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which Of The Following Statements About Homeostasis Is Incorrect?
A. It Refers To The Maintenance Of A Stable Internal Environment For The Body.
B. Homeostatic Mechanisms Do Not Operate In Diseases.
C. Homeostasis Requires Integrated Actions Of The Cells, Tissues, Organs, And
Multiple Nervous, Hormonal, And Local Control Systems.
D. Homeostatic Compensations That Begin After A Major Environmental Challenge
May Contribute To Abnormalities Of Body Function.
ANS: B
Homeostatic Mechanisms Continue To Operate Even During Diseases, Although They
May Be Less Efficient Or Become Impaired. In Fact, The Body Attempts To Maintain
Homeostasis Even In The Presence Of Disease Or Injury, Which May Explain Certain
Pathological Conditions.
2. What Is The Most Abundant Type Of Cell In The Human Body?
A. Neuron
B. Epithelial Cell
C. Red Blood Cell
D. White Blood Cell
E. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell
F. Skeletal Muscle Cell
ANS: C
,Red Blood Cells Are The Most Abundant Type Of Cell In The Human Body. They Are
Responsible For Transporting Oxygen And Carbon Dioxide And Make Up
Approximately 84% Of All Human Cells.
3. The Most Abundant Substance In The Human Body And The Approximate
Percentage Of That Substance In The Body Is Which Of The Following?
A. Protein, 30%
B. Protein, 60%
C. Water, 30%
D. Water, 60%
E. Carbohydrate, 30%
F. Carbohydrate, 60%
ANS: D
Water Is The Most Abundant Substance In The Human Body, Constituting About 60%
Of Total Body Weight. It Plays A Crucial Role In Maintaining Physiological Processes,
Including Temperature Regulation And Nutrient Transport.
4. If The Feedback Gain Of A Control System Is 2.0, This Means That The System Is?
A. A Negative Feedback System Capable Of Correcting 1/2 Of The Initial Disturbance
To The System.
B. A Negative Feedback System Capable Of Correcting 2/3 Of The Initial Disturbance
To The System.
C. A Negative Feedback System Capable Of Correcting 3/4 Of The Initial Disturbance
To The System.
D. A Positive Feedback System Capable Of Correcting 1/2 Of The Initial Disturbance
To The System.
E. A Positive Feedback System Capable Of Correcting 2/3 Of The Initial Disturbance
To The System.
F. A Positive Feedback System Capable Of Correcting 3/4 Of The Initial Disturbance
To The System.
,ANS: B
A Feedback Gain Of 2.0 Means The System Can Correct 2/3 Of The Initial Disturbance.
In Negative Feedback, This Indicates That The System Reduces The Effect Of The
Disturbance By A Significant Amount.
5. Which Of The Following Substances Has The Highest Extracellular Fluid To
Intracellular Fluid Concentration Ratio For Most Mammalian Cells?
A. Sodium Ions
B. Potassium Ions
C. Carbon Dioxide
D. Glucose
E. Protein
ANS: A
Sodium Ions Have The Highest Extracellular To Intracellular Fluid Concentration Ratio.
Sodium Is Predominantly Found In The Extracellular Fluid, Whereas Potassium Ions Are
More Concentrated Inside The Cells.
6. Exchange Of Substances Between The Cardiovascular System And The Interstitial
Fluid Occurs Mainly In Which Of The Following?
A. Arteries
B. Arterioles
C. Capillaries
D. Venules
E. Veins
ANS: C
Capillaries Are The Site Of Exchange Between The Blood And The Interstitial Fluid.
Their Thin Walls Allow Gases, Nutrients, And Waste Products To Pass Between The
Blood And Surrounding Tissues.
, 7. What Is The Approximate Distance From The Capillaries To Most Cells Of The
Body?
A. Less Than 50 Angstroms
B. Less Than 50 Microns
C. Less Than 50 Millimeters
D. Less Than 100 Angstroms
E. Less Than 100 Microns
F. Less Than 100 Millimeters
ANS: A
The Distance Between Capillaries And Most Cells Is Very Small, Typically Less Than
50 Angstroms, Which Facilitates Efficient Exchange Of Substances Like Oxygen And
Nutrients.
8. When A Person Is At Rest, How Much Time Is Required For The Blood In The
Circulation To Traverse The Entire Circulatory Circuit?
A. 1 Second
B. 1 Minute
C. 3 Minutes
D. 4 Minutes
E. 5 Minutes
ANS: B
At Rest, It Typically Takes About 1 Minute For Blood To Complete The Entire
Circulatory Circuit, Including Passing Through The Heart, Arteries, Capillaries, And
Veins.
9. The Type Of Control System That Can Sometimes Cause Instability And Vicious
Cycles Is Called
A. Negative Feedback.
