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Summary Ecology

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  • Grado
  • Biologie
  • Nivel
  • VWO / Gymnasium
  • Book
  • Biology for the IB Diploma Coursebook

7 pages summary on he topic of Ecology (chapter 4 of the IB Biology SL and HL course). key terms, definitions, key concepts and schematic drawings included. Species, communities and ecosystems; Energy Flow; Carbon recycle; Climate Change.

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  • No
  • Chapter 4 ecology
  • 6 de marzo de 2021
  • 7
  • 2020/2021
  • Resumen

Temas

  • biology
  • ecology
  • species
  • ecosystem
  • habitat
  • energy flow
  • carbon cycle
  • climate change
  • fossil fuels
  • summary

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Ecology


March 6, 2021


1 Species, communities, ecosystems
• Species: group of organisms in an ecosystem that inbreed and pro-
duce fertile offspring

– similar physical characteristics
– common gene pool
– common phylogeny (family tree)

Exception:

• species that reproduce asexually (not interbreeding)

• infertile individuals

• Hybrids: different species interbreeding (closely related)
Example: horse + donkey = mule
Horse + zebra = zorse
tiger + lion = liger

Organism’s division based on food sources / modes of nutrition:

• Autotrophs: synthesize organic molecules from inorganic molecules
(photosynthesis)
also called PRODUCERS (plants, algae, bacteria)

• Heterotrophs: obtain organic molecules from other organisms (her-
bivores or carnivores)
also called CONSUMERS (Animals, fungi, bacteria)

DECOMPOSERS: consume non-living matter (recycle dead organic mat-
ter, returns to food chain)

1

, • Detrivores: internally digest (example: insects)

• Saprotrophs: externally digest (example: fungi)

Cycle:Producers transform inorganic matter in organic compounds. Con-
sumers transform organic compounds in organic monomers. When con-
sumers die and are digested by decomposers the matter goes back to soil.

Life organization:
1) individual: one organism
2) Population: more individuals of one species living together
3) Community: more populations living in the same place
4) Ecosystem: Biotic (living: animals, plants, ...) and Abiotic (non living:
light, soil, ...) factors within a system
5) Biome: collection of vegetation and wild life and climate in a geograph-
ical area
6) Biosphere: combination of all ecosystems in a planet (Earth)



2 Energy flow
Light →Plant →Herbivore →Carnivore


• Food chain: sequence showing feeding relationships and energy flow
(arrows follow energy flow)


• Trophic level: how many organisms has energy flowed through


Example:
Food chain: Maize → locust → lizard → snake
Levels: primary producer → primary consumer → secondary consumer →
tertiary consumer

At every level 10% energy is passed to the next energy, 90% energy is
lost (at most 4 levels, then no more energy is available to sustain a new
level)
primary producer (100) → primary consumer (10) → secondary consumer
(1) ...


2

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