Complete revision notes for Topic 1 of the CIE IGCSE Chemistry course: The particulate nature of matter. Explanations with diagrams for every specification point. These notes are written for candidates taking the Extended paper.
State the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases
Describe the structure of solids, liquids and gases in terms of particle separation,
arrangement and types of motion
Solids, liquids and gases have different physical properties. The difference in these
properties comes from differences in how the particles are arranged in each state.
Solids
Strong forces of attraction between particles, particles are packed very closely together in a
fixed and regular pattern
Atoms vibrate in position but can’t change position or move
Solids have a fixed volume, shape and high density
Liquids
Weaker attractive forces in liquids than in solids, particles are close together in
an irregular, unfixed
Particles can move and slide past each other which is why liquids adopt the shape of the
container they’re in and also why they are able to flow
Liquids have a fixed volume but not a fixed shape and have a moderate to high density
Gases
No intermolecular forces, particles are in random movement and so there is no defined
pattern
Particles are far apart and move quickly (around 500 m/s) in all directions, they collide with
each other and with the sides of the container (this is how pressure is created inside a can of
gas)
No fixed volume, since there is a lot of space between the particles, gases can be
compressed into a much smaller volume. Gases have low density
Describe changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing, condensation
and sublimation
, Melting
Melting is when a solid changes into a liquid
Requires heat energy which transforms into kinetic energy, allowing the particles to move
Occurs at a specific temperature known as the melting point (m.p.) which is unique to each
pure solid
Boiling
Boiling is when a liquid changes into a gas
Requires heat which causes bubbles of gas to form below the surface of a liquid (imagine a
boiling pan of water – the entire body of liquid is boiling and forming gas bubbles) allowing
for liquid particles to escape from the surface and within the liquid
Occurs at a specific temperature known as the boiling point (b.p.) which is unique to each
pure liquid
Evaporation
When a liquid changes into a gas. Evaporation occurs only at the surface of liquids where
high energy particles can escape from the liquid’s surface at low temperatures, below the
b.p. of the liquid
Los beneficios de comprar resúmenes en Stuvia estan en línea:
Garantiza la calidad de los comentarios
Compradores de Stuvia evaluaron más de 700.000 resúmenes. Así estas seguro que compras los mejores documentos!
Compra fácil y rápido
Puedes pagar rápidamente y en una vez con iDeal, tarjeta de crédito o con tu crédito de Stuvia. Sin tener que hacerte miembro.
Enfócate en lo más importante
Tus compañeros escriben los resúmenes. Por eso tienes la seguridad que tienes un resumen actual y confiable.
Así llegas a la conclusión rapidamente!
Preguntas frecuentes
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
100% de satisfacción garantizada: ¿Cómo funciona?
Nuestra garantía de satisfacción le asegura que siempre encontrará un documento de estudio a tu medida. Tu rellenas un formulario y nuestro equipo de atención al cliente se encarga del resto.
Who am I buying this summary from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller williambennett. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy this summary for 3,70 €. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
