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Summary notes for CIE IGCSE Chemistry Topic 12: Sulphur

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Complete revision notes for Topic 12 of the CIE IGCSE Chemistry course: Sulphur. Explanations with diagrams for every specification point. These notes are written for candidates taking the Extended paper.

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  • 11 de abril de 2021
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  • 2020/2021
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Sulphur

12.1 Sulphur

Name some sources of sulphur

Sulphur is found in its elemental state underground in the USA, Mexico and Poland.

It is also a by-product from the removal of sulphur from petroleum and natural gas.

Sulphur can also be obtained from sulphide ores.

Uses
 The main use of sulphur is in making sulphuric acid which is a very important
chemical used in many industries
 It is also used extensively in making rubber tyres more flexible (vulcanising), where
the rubber is heated with sulphur

Describe the manufacture of sulfuric acid by the Contact process, including essential
conditions and reactions

Sulfuric acid is synthesised by the Contact process which use sulphur and oxygen from air
and is done in three distinct stages.

Stage 1

Oxidation of sulphur: S + O2 → SO2

Stage 2

The main stage is the oxidation of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide using a V 2O5 catalyst:
2SO2 + O2 ⇌2SO3

Temperature: 450oC
 The reaction is exothermic, so increasing the temperature shifts the position of
equilibrium to the left in the direction of the reactants
 Therefore the higher the temperature, the lower the yield of sulphur trioxide
 The optimum temperature is a compromise between a higher rate of reaction at a
higher temperature and a lower equilibrium yield at a higher temperature

Pressure: 2 atmospheres
 An increase in pressure shifts the position of equilibrium to the right in the direction
of a smaller number of gaseous molecules
 However the position of equilibrium lies far to the right (the equilibrium mixture
contains about 96% sulphur trioxide)
 So the reaction is carried out at just above atmospheric pressure because:

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