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Politics summary lectures 1-12 + chapters from O'Neil
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College aantekeningen (Lectures) Politics (5181V7PO) Essentials of Comparative Politics, ISBN: 9780393624588
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Politics summaryLecture 1
• What is politics about:
– Ideas (i.e. Marxism impact on Communism)
– Organizations (govts, UN, military)
– Morality (legitimacy of pursuing power what is good/bad/acceptable)
• Politics definitions:
– O’Neil: “struggle in any group for power that will give one or more persons
the ability to make decisions for the larger group” (neutral, touches only upon
power)
– Lasswell: “who gets what, when and how” (also focuses on power material
dimensions of politics
– Easton: “authoritative allocation of values for a society” symbolic
dimension
What is power?
– Dahl: the ability to get others to do something that they would not otherwise
do (classical)
• Element of force (possible), BUT – also threat of force
• Thomas Hobbes: life as “nasty, brutish and short” defends right of
state to limit our freedom through our consent or even force
• Types of power:
– Hard power: force
– Soft power: power of attraction (no force involved)
• (i.e. Iran and Sanctions)
• Legitimacy: deep consent among citizens that the government in place
has right to be there (i.e. Trump)
• Understanding political science:
– PoliSci concerns systematic study of politics provides us with tools to
generate knowledge and understand politics, political world, unpredictability
of human behavior, etc.
• Nature of political knowledge:
– Descriptive: describes major features of politics
– Explanatory: answers the “why”
– Prescriptive: element of prediction
• Ultimately limited because human behavior/history is unpredictable
• Subfields of politics:
– Comparative politics:
• Compares political developments between countries
• Aims to explain differences and similarities among states, regions and
other political entities
– Political philosophy:
, • Investigating the nature, causes and effects of good government
(eternal questions freedom/ justice)
– International relations
• Study of interaction between states (and other entities)
• 4 types:
– Realism: focus is on power and urge for states to maintain their
sovereignty; zero-sum game, war of all-against-all, no hierarchy
only anarchy
– Liberalism: focus on cooperation between states, wealth
creation, institution building
– Constructivism: focus on identity issues between states and
within int. system as a whole
– Critical approaches: postcolonialism, feminism, green IR, etc.
– Public administration:
Practical research resulting in policy advice or proposals, assessments
Chapter 1 by O’Neil
• Definitions:
– Comparative politics: the systematic search for answers to political questions
about how people around the world make and contest authoritative public
choices.
– Hypothesis: an argument linking cause to effect.
– Falsifiable: the possibility that a hypothesized relationship can be shown to
be incorrect.
– Comparative method: a way to examine patterns of facts or events to narrow
down what is important in terms of building a convincing comparative politics
argument.
– Correlation: a measure of observed association between two variables.
– Causation: a process or event that produces an observable effect.
• Types of research:
– Quantitative method: Gathering of statistical data across many countries to
look for correlations and test hypotheses about cause and effect. Emphasis on
breadth over depth
– Qualitative method: Mastery of a few cases through the detailed study of
their history, language, and culture. Emphasis on depth over breadth.
– Mixed methods research: uses both quantitative and qualitative techniques,
in an effort to build convincing claims about the relationships between
attributes and outcomes.
,Lecture 2
• Political philosophy: emphasizes what “ought” to be normative
• Political science relates to
– Political theory:
• Empirical theory: supports explanation and description (interest
group theory, rational choice theory, totalitarianism)
• Normative political theory: what ought to be (sovereignty, democratic
peace theory) oldest form of theory
– Political ideology
• Political attitudes: views regarding basic scope of political and social
change (radical, liberal, conservative, reactionary)
• Ideologies: basic (universal) values about fundamental goals of politics
or a set of ideas beliefs about politics in the world (liberalism,
socialism, Marxism, Islamism)
– Political culture:
• Is different from culture in politics
• Political culture: refers to society’s norms for political activity (i.e.
individualism, presidentialism, welfare state)
– Culture in politics
• Creative culture in politics: pop culture, powerful images and its
impact on politics
• Culture as condition/variable of (good) politics (i.e. Clash of
Civilizations)
• 2 Dimension of Political philosophy:
– Critical: systematically studies, discussions and questions relevant (‘timeless’)
political issues suggests alternatives and new ways of looking at things
– Practical: reaches for the best form of governance, for good governance
Machiavelli:
– Italian poet, playwright, diplomat, political writer & philosopher
– Born in Florence in 1469
– Italy weak, divided and in permanent state of war
– Considered one of the founding fathers of realism/modern political science
Why Machiavelli?
– Bridges pre-modern and modern political thinking
• Politics and religion: politics as an autonomous realm of human action
• About what “is” and what should be” in politics; sober reasoning and
empirical fact
• About ‘structure’ and ‘agency’, about ‘fortuna’ and ‘virtu’ fortune
versus self-control
, • About goals and means (almost claimed that end justify the means
princes should do what they can to survive)
– Links political thinking with political practice (politics & morality)
• ‘Good’ government is not necessarily ‘virtuous’ government’
• Better to be feared than loved
• Don’t flinch from being blamed for vices necessary to safeguard the
state
• It’s not about the ruler, its about the state
– Lasting reputation (author of Il Principe – 1514)
• Probably most famous (notorious) and influential treatise on statecraft
• “inspired by the devil” – written during dangerous times
• Il Principe as mirror book, telling Prince Guilano de’ Medici’ (co-ruler
of Florence) what his most desired/desirable characteristics should be
(the prince)
• Chapter 15:
– A prince must know when to act immorally. Everyone agrees that a prince
should have all good qualities, but because that is impossible, a wise prince
will avoid those vices that would destroy his power and not worry about the
rest.
• Chapter 16:
– Therefore, a wise prince will not mind being called a miser, because
stinginess is a vice that allows him to reign. If a prince is giving away other
people's property, he can afford to be generous, but if he is giving away his
own resources, he will become grasping and hated or poor and despised.
• Chapter 17:
– If you cannot be both loved and feared, then it is better to be feared than
loved. Men are generally fickle, afraid of danger, and greedy. When a prince
benefits them, they will do anything for the prince, but when trouble comes,
they will desert the prince
• Chapter 18:
– To sum it up, it is useful to seem to be virtuous, but you must be ready to act
the opposite way if the situation requires it. A prince should do good if he
can, but be ready to do evil if he must.
• Chapter 19:
– A prince must avoid becoming hated or despised. Princes should let others
do the unpleasant tasks, doing for themselves what will make them look
good.
• Chapter 20:
– Princes often build fortresses to protect themselves from plotters and sudden
attacks. If a prince fears his subjects more than foreign invaders, he should
build fortresses. The best fortress, however, is not to be hated by the people
• Chapter 21:
– Nothing enhances a ruler's reputation more than undertaking great
conquests. Rulers must never remain neutral. If neighboring rulers fight, you
must take sides, because if you do not, the winner will threaten you, and the
loser will not befriend you. Whether or not your ally wins, he will be grateful
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