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Beginnings
Historic birth of Sociology
Development Modern age
SOCIOLOGY FOUNDERS
- Auguste Comte
- Emilie Durkheim
- Karl Marx
- Max Weber
FUNCTIONALISM
(1824)19th C. 20th C. Changes in mentality:
Purposes: Society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the
biological and social needs of the individuals in that society
- understand and explain society (nature, how it works,
• Feeling of anguish in front structures, relations…) Herbert Spencer (human organs as social institutions)
Industrial revolutions Rise of workers’
movements
of social change - Identify social patterns that influence individual GLOBAL IDEA:
Major scientific • The way society works is behavior - society as a whole (macro view)
and technological Secularization not self-evident - To critique, transform and improve, alleviating social - Structures above the individual
• Desire to control society =
advances LIberal revolutions “knowledge is power” suffering - Determinism
Urban revolutions Dynamic equilibrium Parsons (1961):
Methodologies: healthy society, stability
1) Quantitative: statistics, representativity Manifest functions Merton (1910–2003):
2) Qualitative: narrative techniques, meanings of Sought or anticipated social consequences of social process
behavior Latent functions Merton (1910–2003):
unsought consequences of a social process
Dysfunctions Merton (1910–2003):
Undesirable consequences of a social process
Culture THEORIES OF CONFLICT
Socially constructed diverse adaptive
Society= competition for limited resources (macro-level approach)
Dominant groups - dominated groups
ORIGINS OF CULTURE
- culture exists before we do •economic inequalities
- It is a social structure that we internally •inequalities of political power CAUSE CONFLICTS
- Gives patterns and routines •social structure cause conflict
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALIST perspective: cultures Simmel believed that conflict can help integrate and stabilize a society
- acting as social beings we reproduce out form to provide order and cohesiveness in a society
culture (.. or we modify it) (melting pot culture= good thing ) Manifest conflict
Does having a culture provide points of similarity Latent conflit
that encourage cooperation and helps society’s Sought and unsought consequences of conflicts
function ?
CULTURE: Set of GLOBAL IDEA:
- Macro-view
BASIC CONCEPTS
CONFLICT THEORY : prioritizing one sub-culture
symbols shared specific meaning over another can create social inequalities and - structure determines the conditions of the individual
values guidelines for what is acceptable and not disenfranchise those who belong to cultures that are
beliefs facts or statements considered to be true at odds with the mainstream THEORIES OF ACTION - SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
Does culture divide us, and benefit some members
norms prescriptive/proscriptive rules
of a society more than others ? Communication= the exchange of meaning through language and
material objects artefacts symbols =people make sense of their social worlds
Language set of symbols for communication SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISTS: all of society is
= way of life of a society about shared reality - the shared culture - that we People as being active in shaping the social world rather than simply
create being acted upon. Herman and Reynolds (1994)
SOCIETY: Group of people who interact in G.H.Mead (founder): humans interact with things based on meanings ascribed to those things; the
organized manner within a defined territory ascribed meaning of things comes from our interactions with others and society; the meanings of things are
interpreted by a person when dealing with things in specific circumstances
Constructivism: reality is what humans cognitively construct it to be, basing on
Social class affects the COUNTER-CULTURE: interaction with others
culture: low culture MAINSTREAM CULTURE : push back mainstream GLOBAL IDEA:
cultural patterns broadly in line with culture in an attempt to
(popular colture) , high what society’s cultural ideals and - Micro-view
culture (not mean change how a society - individualisti perspective (atomistic
values - most power and social functions
better, distinguish society influence - qualitative methods
elite)
ETHNOCENTRISM:
How we judge other
SUBCULTURE cultures - the practice of
: cultural judging one culture by CULTURAL RELATIVISM: Sociological
Cultures change all the time, different patterns that set the standards of another not judging any culture by
other cultural parameters perspective today
speeds and different directions apart a segment
external to it SOCIOLOGY considered as a social
of a society’s Science (“soft”science)
CULTURAL LAG: some cultural population
elements change more slowly than others PURPOSE-SCOPE: weak predictive capacity
INTERCULTURALISM
(education for example) - respects multicul. But promotes THEORETICAL APPROACHES:
MULTICULTURALISM - not appreciation, communication, - complementary logics
and interaction - function, meaning and conflict
CULTURAL DIFFUSION: how cultural homogenous culture - perspective -
Promotes equality of Structure and action in dialectical
traits spread from one culture to another recognizes cultural diversity while relationship
advocating for equal standing for opportunities
all cultural traditions Allows cultural development
and respect
, PREJUDICE: DISCRIMINATION: RACISM:
a rigid and unfair generalization about an entire any unequal treatment of different beliefs, thoughts, and actions based on the idea that
4 BROAD PATTERNS:
category of people (stereotypes -exaggerated and groups of people (matter of action) one race is innately superior to another one
simplified descriptions that are applied to every - EXPLICIT: the attitudes or
person in a category) beliefs we have about a PLURALISM: al races and ethnicities are
group that we’re consciously distinct, but have equal social standing
aware of
PREJUDICE AND - IMPLICIT: the unconscious
DISCRIMINATION biases that we have about
other groups ASSIMILATION: the process by which
minorities gradually adopt patterns of the
dominant culture
INSTITUTIONAL
RACISM:
SOCIAL
DISADVANTAGE biases inside institutions (harder to SEGREGATION: physical and social
identify) (school, bank system, separation pf categories of people - which
hospital…) brings to high level of racial stratification
BELIEF IN MINORITY’S
INNATE INFERIORITY
GENOCIDE: systematic killing of one group of
people by another
Theories
SCAPEGOAT THEORY: AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY CULTURE THEORY: RACE CONFLICT
prejudice as a defense mechanism on the part of frustrated THEORY: some prejudice found in everyone , THEORY:
people who blame another, more disadvantaged group prejudice as the the outgrowth of a certain because people are products the how social inequality develops as
for the troubles that they face, even when those troubles personality profile culture they live in - and we live in a the result of power conflicts
stem from structural changes prejudiced culture. between different racial and
- economic anxiety (losing job - not finding one) AUTHORITARIANISM:
ethnic groups
the desire for order, tradition and strong
leaders who will maintain the status quo
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