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Summary A level biology 2022: The cell cycle, mitosis, asexual reproduction, growth and repair
Notes to get an A* in A level biology 2022. Covered content: The cell cycle, mitosis, asexual reproduction, growth and repair
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The cell cycle, mitosis and asexual reproduction● Mitosis is an active period of nuclear division in cells.
● It is asexual, which means it produces genetically identical offspring from a single
parent cell.
Cell cycle
Interphase
● A period of non-division with different stages.
● G1 phase - The cell grows and develops and produces more organelles, nucleotides
and histones(normal metabolism).
● S phase - Chromosomes get replicated to form sister chromatids.
● G2 phase - organelles and other materials needed for cell division(e.g. tubulin
needed to form the spindle) are synthesized + DNA is checked.
Mitosis
● Prophase: chromosomes coil up/condense(here they can take up stains and become
visible), the nuclear envelope breaks down, the centrioles begin to move to
opposite poles and the spindle fibres form.
● Metaphase: contractions of spindle fibres(made up of overlapping contractile
microtubules) pull chromosomes to the metaphase plate(AKA equator) where they
line up along it with each centromere(region where chromatids in a chromosome are
attached) attached to spindle fibres.
● Anaphase: the centromeres split, so the sister chromatids split and become separate
chromosomes. Chromatids from each pair are drawn to opposite poles of the cell by
the spindle; energy from ATP is needed.
● Telophase: The spindle fibres break down and a new nuclear envelope starts to
form around the set of chromosomes at each end. The chromosomes also unravel
and can’t be seen any more.
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