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Summary Biology Revision Notes
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Summary of 6 pages for the course Biology revision at AQA (NOtes)
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State why the white The body recognises non-self-foreignblood cells engage in antigens
endocytosis with
pathogens but not
healthy body cells ( 1
mark)
Describe one other way White blood cell might display broken pieces
in which white blood of pathogen on cell surface membrane
cell might end Reason pathogen to be recognised
exocytosis and state
why it would do this
Explain what causes the Clonal expansion (expansion of cloning)
number of T cells to
slowly increase during
the early days after the
start of an infection
Explain the relationship Increase in T cells lead to decrease in
between T cell numbers pathogen because
and pathogens numbers Increased Helper T cells Increase
during early days after antibody production
infection Increased cytotoxic T cells more
destruction
State the events Complementary B cells binding
needed to take place Release of chemical signals from T helper
for th mature B Cells
lymphocytes to be
activated
State the role of Binds to specific antigens
variable region Antigen – antibody complex
Describe how Less likely to infect
agglutination helps to Easier to detect
fight infection Less spread out
Explain why patient No longer complementary
who previously had Antigenic variability
influenza 6 months ago
tested positive recently
for the flu
Differentiation
Production of plasma cells and memory cells
Describe what is
happening in stage Y
, State one other Memory cells produced and in blood
outcome from Y Immunity gained
Define the term A foreign protein that stimulates an immune
antigenCell Recognition
response & the Immune
System Medium
A protein found on the cell surface membrane that
identifies cells as self or non self
State three roles of Stimulates B cells to mature
helper T cells in Stimulates cytotoxic T cells
immunological Produces memory B cells
response
Define the term A protein that is specific to an antigen, produced by
antibody B cells
Contrast antibodies Antibodies have binding sites, Enzymes have active
and enzymes sites
Enzymes act as catalysts, whereas antibodies do not.
How can identifying Vaccines only work against certain strains of the virus
the most common Enables companies to target the most common
strains, help strains
develop vaccines
Describe how 1. Pathogen enters the body
pathogens are 2. Phagocyte is attracted to the cinema in the pathogen
destroyed by 3. This attraction causes pathogen to attach to the
phagocytosis receptor on the phagocyte
4. The lysosomes contain digestive enzymes, which
move towards the forming phagosome
5. A vesicle is then formed, and pathogen is ingested
and hydrolysed
Where are the Cell surface membrane
antigen after
phagocytosis
present
Referring to the Plasma cell function: release antibodies
function of plasma Mitochondria – ATP for protein formation
cells explain how ER – protein formation happens here
many mitochondria
and endoplasmic
reticulum important
adaptations are
Contrast how Helper T: Reacts with antigen on antigen presenting cell
T cells and B cells o B: Reacts with free antigens
react to antigens T: Stimulates and immune response
o B: releases surface receptors as antibodies
Differences between H: Linear DNA B: Circular DNA
human cells and H: Nucleus B: No nucleus
bacterial cells H: Larger B: Smaller
No cell wall B: Cell wall
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