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Class notes for Psychology Research Methods A

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These are class notes for Psychology divided by topics for A Level examinations of Excedel.

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  • 7 de diciembre de 2022
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Introduction to Research Methods

Independent and dependent variables

• IV = Changes between conditions

• DV = What is measured

Operationalise = Putting something into a form that can be measured

MUST OPERATIONALISE BOTH VARIABLES


Hypotheses
• Aim = Achieve

• Hypothesis = Prediction about results



1. Experimental / Alternative (questionnaires or interviews) —> A ects DV

2. Null —> Does not A ect DV. ( ‘Any di erence will occur by chance’ )



A. One-tailed / Directional —> Ex. Exercise will improve memory

B. Two-tailed / Non-directional —> Ex. Exercise will a ect memory


Extraneous Variables

• SITUATIONAL V.

• PARTICIPANT V.

• EXPERIMENTER V.




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, Investigator Effects


• Non-verbal Communication

• Physical Characteristics

• Bias interpretation of data


Demand Characteristics

• Social desirability bias: Pleasing Experimenter

• Screw you e ect: Not Pleasing Experimenter


Experimental Design

RANDOMLY ASSIGNED = PARTICIPANTS ELECTED TO PARTICIPATE IN CONDITION 1 OR 2
BY CHANCE.

1) Repeated Measures

Advantages —> Removes participant variable of some people being better than others at an ability.

Disadvantages —> May have order e ects
—> May be likely to guess the aim of the experiment

• Counter Balancing ABBA
• Single-blind procedure more useful than RM

COULD BE AFFECTED BY DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS
PARTICIPANTS ARE NOT TOLD THE AIM


2) Independent Groups

Advantages —> Removes order e ects
—> Less likely to guess the aim of the experiment

Disadvantages —> Participant variable being better at an ability than others

• Single-blind procedure more useful than RM
• Random Allocation
REDUCES P.V.




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