Mutation, cell death, Glandular Epithlia, well detaild explenation, that include diagrams and and visual elements that will help you to undestands fully how it works, it is formed, and all topic related.
Week 13 CTL Notes
Cancer, Cell Death & Cellular Ageing
Growth Characteristics of Normal Cells:
• Subject to contact inhibition
• Limited lifespan esperanza de vida
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• Anchorage dependant
• Growth-factor dependant
• Able to apoptose.
Growth Characteristics of Tumour & Cancer Cells:
• Not subject to contact inhibition
• Unlimited lifespan
• Anxhorage Independant
• Unresponsive to growth-inhibitors
• Unable to apoptose.
• Differentiate independently.
o Differentiated tumours = teratomas.
o May form teeth, hair, bone, nails, toes, brain matter etc.
General Characteristics of BENIGN TUMOUR CELLS:
• Lower mitotic index than cancerous tissue.
• Well-defined capsule
• NOT INVASIVE
• Well differentiated – still exhibit characteristics of their normal cells of origin.
• NOT METASTATIC
General Characteristics of METASTATIC CANCERS:
• Abnormally high mitotic rate
• Show signs of de-differentiation
o have features of primordial stem-cells
• Disordered growth patterns
o Grow as a chaotic mass in all directions
• Can be Metastatic (Colonise distant tissues)
o Cells can break away from primary
tumour & travel through blood/lymph.
o Establish new tumours (secondaries)
called metastases.
• Show gross genetic abnormalities.
o Aberration in chromosome number
o Deletions, translocations in genome
• Grow in the absence of growth factors.
• Are Immortal
o Escape cellular ageing (senescence)
o Many also don’t apoptose
• Malignant phenotype is heritable.
o Cancer cells propagate through many
mitotic divisions without losing cancerous features.
www.MedStudentNotes.com
, Cause of Cancer
• Genetic mutations that are non-lethal to the cell.
• Results from mutagens:
o Chemicals
o Radiation
o Carcinogens
o Free-Radicals
o Microbes (viruses)
o Inherited.
• DNA damage = dysregulated growth patterns àuncontrolled proliferation.
o Damage to regulatory genes:
§ Results in loss / gain of function of:
• DNA repair Genes
• Cell Ageing Genes
• Protooncogenes
• Growth-inhibiting (anticancer) Genes
• Apoptosis Genes
• Clonal expansion: cancers arise from a single cell with uncontrolled proliferation.
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DUPLICACIONES
Defects in DNA Repair Genes:
• Genetic mutations happen all the time.
• However, DNA is repaired by the cell.
• Defective DNA repair can lead to uncorrected mutations à cancer
Defects in Cell Ageing Genes:
• Cellular age is determined by the number of divisions.
• When cells age, they enter senescence: a terminal non-dividing state.
• Mutations that enable the cell to avoid senescence à cancer.
www.MedStudentNotes.com
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