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Organic chemistry
Organic chemistry exam notes for iGCSE
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HYDROCARBO Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen only HC PROPERTIESN
HOMOLOGOUS Series of compounds with similar chemical properties
SERIES because they have the same functional group SMAL BIG HC
L
FUNCTIONAL Atom / group of atoms that determine the chemical
GROUP properties of a compound. BOILING P. low high
ISOMERISM Molecules which have the same molecular formula but
FLAMM. high low
different structural formulas
FLAME clean not clean
STRUCTURAL Shows how the atoms in a molecule are joined together
FORMULA - DISPLAYED FORMULA: Shows every atom CLEAN.
and every bond in a molecule (as it is drawn
VISCOSITY low high
NAMING
1 carbon meth- alkane -ane DOUBLE BOND
2 carbons eth- alkene -ene (=)
3 carbons prop- alcohol -ol
4 carbons but- BRANCHES- the ending is always -yl
- eg: branch has 1 carbon = methyl
5 carbons pent- - eg: branch has 2 c = ethyl
COMBUSTION
hydrocarbon + oxygen (excess) = carbon dioxide + water BALANCE IT
C4H10 + 13/2O2 = 4CO2 + 5H2O first C, then H, then O
SUBSTITUTION
(For alkanes) when an atom / group of atoms is replaced by another atom / group of atoms.
ADDITION REACTIONS (alkenes)
An atom or group of atoms is added to a molecule without
taking anything away.
In this reaction, the Br2 used to be orange, but the final
addition is colorless.
, CRUDE OIL: a mixture of hydrocarbons, and that each hydrocarbon in crude oil is known as a fraction.
COMBUSTION
complete combustion happens in excess O2 and produces CO2 and H2O
incomplete combustion when the amount of O2 is limited and produces H2O with either CO and/or C
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF COMBUSTION IN ENVIRONMENT
- Production of oxides of N in car engines due to the fact that the temp is high enough to allow N and O2 to react. Oxides of
N contribute to acid rain.
- Production of SO2 during the combustion of hydrocarbons, due to the fact that hydrocarbons might contain impurities of
S. SO2 contributes to acid rain.
CO IS POISONOUS CATALYTIC CRACKING
When CO is produced from incomplete Process in which large HC Fractional distillation produces
combustion and inhaled into the lungs, molecules are “cracked” more large HC than small. Smaller
it binds irreversibly to hemoglobin in into smaller- 600^. This HC, (petrol), are more useful as
red blood cells. This reduces the takes place in the presence fuels than larger. Cracking makes
capacity of red blood cells to carry O2. of a catalyst (SiO2). the supply of fuels improve.
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