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Summary Study/ revision notes – Topic 3: Voice of the Genome (Biology A-Level Edexcel A Salters-Nuffield)

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A-Level Biology

Institución
Bachillerato

This document compiles study notes on Topic 3 (Voice of the Genome) of the Biology A-Level (Salters-Nuffield) course.

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Subido en 26 de enero de 2023
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Estudio Bachillerato
Grado A-Level Biology
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LUCIA ROMERO

TOPIC 3:
VOICE OF THE GENOME

1

,LUCIA ROMERO

3.1. & 3.2. EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Animal cells

Nucleus

→ Nucleus contains a nucleolus and chromatin

Nucleus: controls transcription of DNA, therefore, production of proteins

Nucleolus: makes ribosomes

Nuclear pore: allows passages of substances, e.g., mRNA can leave

Lysosome

→ Membrane bound circular organelle with no clear internal structure

Function:

1. Contains digestive enzymes that break down invading foreign cells, e.g., pathogens
2. Simply worn-out parts of the cell

Ribosome

→ small organelles with no plasma membrane. Can be found freely in the cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

Function:

1. Where protein synthesis occurs

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

→ Fluid filled membrane bound sacs. Ribosomes attached to the surface

Function:

Folds + processes new proteins

Smoot Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

→ Like rough ER in terms of structure but has no ribosomes

Function:

1. Synthesizes and processes lipids

2

, LUCIA ROMERO

Golgi apparatus

→ Also, fluid filled membrane sacs, often seen with vesicles nearby

Function:

1. Further processes the proteins
2. Packages proteins + newly synthesized lipids
3. Synthesizes lysosomes

Centriole

→ Mostly found in animal cells

Structure:

Made up of hollow tubules called microtubules (tiny protein cylinders)

Function:

Separating chromosomes during cell division

Mitochondrion

Structure:

• Double membrane, inner membrane is folded to form cristae.
• Inside is the matrix
• Where enzymes needed for respiration are found

Function:

1. To produce ATP in respiration
→ releases energy

3.3. ROUGH E.R AND GOLGI APPARATUS
Protein production & transport

Free ribosomes → make proteins that remain within the cell (intracellular proteins)

Ribosomes bound to rER → make proteins that leave the cell / become embedded in the plasma membrane (e.g., digestive enzymes + CFTR
protein)

Process

1) The rough endoplasmic reticulum helps to fold and process the proteins made
on the attached ribosomes.
e.g., a sugar chain may be added to form a glycoprotein
2) The Golgi apparatus further processes the protein
e.g., trimming the sugar chain or adding another sugar chain
It is then packaged into a vesicle ready for transport to the cell membrane or out of the
cell – exocytosis

3

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