Summary of the IB SEHS Unit 4.2 (joint and movement type). You will find detailed yet summarized information on the topic, organized according to the IB syllabus (contains all necessary information to achieve a 7).
4.2: Joint and movement type
Synovial joints
They are the most common type of joint in the appendicular skeleton.
They’re really mobile and structurally complex
Unlike the other two, they have a joint cavity filled up with synovial fluid → increases the ability to move
the articular surfaces.
Classification of joints according to movement
nonaxial (limited movement)
uniaxial (single axis)
biaxial (movement around two axes)
triaxial/multiaxial (movement around all three axes and all directions in between)
Plane VS Axis
Plane: two-dimensional surface defined by 3 points, not on the same line
sagittal plane: vertical, divides the body into left and right.
vertical axis
Includes any movement backward and forwards
Exercises: sit-ups, bicep curls, cycling…
Movement: flexion, extension, hyperextension,
dorsiflexion, plantar flexion
frontal plane: vertical, divides body into anterior and posterior parts
antero-posterior axis
Includes any horizontal lateral movement with respect to the body
Exercises: lateral DB raise, side lunges, jumping jacks
Movement: abduction, adduction, inversion, eversion
4.2: Joint and movement type 1
, transverse plane: horizontal, divides the body into superior and inferior parts
vertical axis
Includes any vertical lateral movement along the
plane
Exercises: arm circles, squeezing knees to chest,
circling the hips
Movements: protonation, supination, horizontal
adduction and abduction (transverse
flexion/extension)
Axis:
Movement at uniaxial, biaxial, and triaxial/polyaxial joints occurs in a plane about an axis of
rotation, which is always perpendicular to the plane of motion.
There are three axes of rotation:
The sagittal or anteroposterior axis, perpendicular to the sagittal plane
Runs front to back from your belly to your back
Horizontally from posterior to anterior
When you rotate around this axis you do it on the
frontal plane
The transverse axis, perpendicular to the frontal plane
Runs from side to side, from left to right
When you rotate around this axis you do it on the
sagittal plane
The vertical axis, perpendicular to the transverse plane
Runs from the top of the head to the feet.
When you rotate round this axis you do it on the
transverse plane
4.2: Joint and movement type 2
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