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Summary Unit 1: Biological Molecules full topic notes
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All notes for topic 1: biological molcules
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, Biological MoleculesMonomers and Polymers:
• monomers are the smaller units from which larger molecules are made
e.g. monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotides
• polymers are made from a large number of monomers
e.g. carbohydrates and proteins
Monosaccharides:
• a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides forms a
glycosidic bond and a water molecule
• disaccharides are formed by a condensation reaction of two
monosaccharides
• examples of monosaccharides include: glucose, galactose, fructose
• A hydrolysis reaction uses water to break a chemical bond between two
molecules
, Disaccharides:
• glucose + glucose -> maltose
• glucose + fructose -> sucrose
• glucose + galactose -> lactose
Polysaccharides:
• polymers formed by combing many monosaccharide molecules by a
condensation reaction and joined by a glycosidic bond
• e.g. starch, cellulose, glycogen
Starch: ( found in plants)
• made up of chains of alpha glucose monosaccharides joined by
glycosidic bonds formed in condensation reactions
• insoluble: so doesn’t affect the water potential so water is not drawn
into the cell by omosis
• large: cant diffuse out of cells
• compact: so a lot can be stored in a small place
• when hydrolysed it forms alpha glucose which can be easily
transported and readily used in respiration
• the branched form has many ends and can be acted on by enzymes
simultaneously meaning that glucose monomers are released very
rapidly
• amylose: unbranched
• amylopectin: branched
Glycogen (animal equivalent of starch)
• has the same properties as starch
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