Examen
Human anatomy and physiology textbook
- Grado
- B1102
- Institución
- Universidad De Saint Louis
Human anatomy and physiology textbook with detailed solutions for every note and permision to ask for questions
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Lebanese UniversityLebanese University Faculty of Sciences
Faculty of Sciences
B1102
Genetics
Department of Life and Earth Sciences
Fall Semester
2021/2022
©opyright Reserved
,The following book was prepared and revised by the following instructors (in
alphabetical order):
Prepared by: Revised by:
Dr. Ali BAZZI Dr. Raghida DAMAJ
Dr. Rana BAZZI
Dr. Lara KHOUZAMI
Dr. Elsa NICOLAS
Dr. Zeina SOUAYFANE
Copyright Reserved for the Lebanese University ©2018
This material is only for academic use by the students at the Faculty of Sciences in the
Lebanese University, it should not be distributed for purchase or photocopy anywhere
under the threat of legal prosecution.
8102© حقوق الطبع والنشر محفوظة للجامعة اللبنانية
إ ن هذه النسخة موضوعة بتصرف طالب كلية العلوم في الجامعة اللبنانية و لهدف اكاديمي فقط ال غير وعليه يمنع
توزيع اي نسخة (ورقية او الكترونية) الي جهة اخرى او التصوير والبيع في كافة المكتبات تحت طائلة المالحقة
.القانونية
, TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER 1- BIOCHEMICAL BASES FOR HEREDITY
I-1. DNA: The support of genetic information
- The transformation experiment
- Another experiment on transformation: the experiment of Avery, MacLeod and McCarty
I-2. Composants et structure de l’ADN
- Nucleotide
- Nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates
- Polynucleotides
I-3. The Structure of DNA holds the key to understanding its function
- Base-Composition Studies
- The Watson–Crick Model
I-4. DNA replication
- DNA is reproduced by semiconservative replication
- Origins and forks of replication
- DNA synthesis
- Unwinding the DNA Helix
- RNA primer: necessary for DNA synthesis initiation
- Anti-parallel strands: a reason for discontinuous synthesis of DNA
- Summary for DNA synthesis model
I-5. RNA components and structures
I-6. Gene expression
- The Genetic Code and Transcription
- Organization of a protein coding gene
- Transcription process
- Initiation
- Elongation
- Termination
- Transcription in Eukaryotes Differs from prokaryotic transcription in several ways
- The nuclear genetic code
- The genetic code
- Characteristics of the nuclear genetic code
- Translation and Proteins
- Translation process
- Initiation
- Elongation
- Termination
CHAPTER 2- MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
2.1. Definition of the human Karyotype
2-2. Chromosome classification
- Centromeric index (Ic) = p/p+q
2-3. DNA organization in eukaryote chromosome
- Chromatin
2-4. Chromatin: Euchromatin-heterochromatin
- Euchromatin
1
, TABLE OF CONTENT
- Heterochromatin
Heterochromatin can be either constitutive or facultative
Constitutive heterochromatin
Facultative heterochromatin
The Barr body
2-5. Mitosis and Meiosis comparison
2-6. The Development of Gametes Varies in spermatogenesis compared to oogenesis
2-7. DNA content during the cell cycle
- Quantitative analysis of mitosis
- Quantitative analysis of meiosis
CHAPTER 3- GENIC AND CHROMOSOMIC MUTATIONS
3-1 Definition:
3-2 Spontaneous and Induced Mutations:
3-3 Somatic and germinal mutations:
3-4 Classification Based on Type of Molecular Change:
1. Gene mutations:
- Base substitution
. - Insertion or deletion
- Silent, missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutations
- Metabolic disease
- Molecular disease
2. Genomic mutations:
-The monoploidy
- The polyploidy
- Autosomal aneuploidy
- Sex chromosome aneuploidy
- Non- disjunction during meiosis I and II
- Dosage Compensation of X-linked genes in mammals or Barr body
3. Chromosome mutations: structural chromosome aberrations
A. Balanced structural chromosome abnormalities
- Inversions
- Translocations
- Reciprocal and non-reciprocal translocations
- Robertsonien translocation ( a case: Familial Down Syndrome)
B. Unbalanced structural chromosome abnormalities
- Deletions (Cri du Chat Syndrome)
- Duplications
- Ring chromosome
- Translocation
C. Gamete formation in the case of structural chromosomal rearrangements
- Reciprocal translocations
- Robertsonian translocations
- Deletions
- Duplications
2
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