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Animal histology and plant histology detailed solutions for exams
Animal histology and plant histology detailed solutions for exams with explanation and ability to ask questions
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Lebanese UniversityLebanese University Faculty of Sciences
Faculty of Sciences
B1100
Plant Histology
Department of Life and Earth Sciences
Fall Semester
2021/2022
©opyright Reserved
,The following book was prepared and revised by the following instructors
Prepared by: Revised by:
Dr. Romeo AL BERSAOUI Dr. Hanadi ISMAIL
Dr. Bouchra DOUAIHY Dr. Jihad NOUN
Dr. Myrna MEDLEJ-HASHIM
Dr. Randa SAOUD
Copyright Reserved for the Lebanese University ©2018
This material is only for academic use by the students at the Faculty of Sciences in the
Lebanese University, it should not be distributed for purchase or photocopy anywhere
under the threat of legal prosecution.
8102© حقوق الطبع والنشر محفوظة للجامعة اللبنانية
إ ن هذه النسخة موضوعة بتصرف طالب كلية العلوم في الجامعة اللبنانية و لهدف اكاديمي فقط ال غير وعليه يمنع
توزيع اي نسخة (ورقية او الكترونية) الي جهة اخرى او التصوير والبيع في كافة المكتبات تحت طائلة المالحقة
.القانونية
,Table of Contents
I. Introduction
1 Plants versus animals .......................................................................................................................... 3
2 The cell wall......................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 The primary cell wall .................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 The secondary cell wall ................................................................................................................ 7
2.3 Pits and plasmodesmata .............................................................................................................. 8
3 Classification of plant tissues .............................................................................................................. 9
II. The plant tissues
1 Meristematic tissues ......................................................................................................................... 10
1.1 Primary or apical meristems ...................................................................................................... 10
1.2 Secondary or lateral meristems ................................................................................................. 11
2 Differentiated tissues ........................................................................................................................ 12
2.1 Protective (dermal) tissues ........................................................................................................ 12
2.1.1 Epidermis ............................................................................................................................ 12
2.1.2 Periderm ............................................................................................................................. 16
2.2 Ground tissues............................................................................................................................ 18
2.2.1 Parenchyma ........................................................................................................................ 18
2.2.2 Collenchyma........................................................................................................................ 21
2.2.3 Sclerenchyma ...................................................................................................................... 22
2.3 Conducting or vascular tissues ................................................................................................... 23
2.3.1 Xylem................................................................................................................................... 23
2.3.2 Phloem ................................................................................................................................ 25
2.4 Secretory tissues ........................................................................................................................ 27
2.4.1 Secretion cells isolated within the parenchyma tissue ...................................................... 27
2.4.2 Secretory epidermis and glandular hairs ............................................................................ 28
2.4.3 Glands and canals ............................................................................................................... 28
2.4.4 Laticiferous tissue ............................................................................................................... 29
2
, I. Introduction
1 Plants versus animals
The differences between animals and plants are not in the basic molecular characteristics, but they are
rather related to cell and tissue functions of higher order.
Plants are differentiated from animals by:
Their ability to manufacture food through photosynthesis.
Their unlimited type of growth in very localized regions of growth.
On the cellular level the plant cells differ from the animal cells by (Fig. 1):
The presence of cell walls.
The absence of centriole in plant cells.
The presence of different types of plastids (e.g. Chloroplast, chromoplast, amyloplast, leucoplast).
The presence of a large central vacuole in differentiated plant cells that generally occupies around
90% of the cell volume. It is a large vesicle filled with many different substances in solution.
Figure 1 Typical animal and plant cells.
3
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