WGU Academy US History Midterm Exam 100% Correct

What economic trend transformed the South in the mid-nineteenth century? - ANSWER The South experienced a dramatic rise in cotton production Before the Civil War, what campaign was intended to keep slavery out of new territories? - ANSWER Free-Soil Movement Which significant political shift characterized Andrew Jackson's presidency? - ANSWER more people involved in the political process What antebellum philosophy in America sparked the creation of new reform institutions? - ANSWER the belief in the potential of the individual What antebellum philosophy in America focused on reexamining the individual and the individual's relationship to the natural world? - ANSWER Transcendentalism Which of these was a major effect of westward expansion in the time period leading up to the Civil War? - ANSWER controversy over the legality of slavery in new territories Which modern-day state did the United States take control of as a direct result of the Mexican-American War? - ANSWER California How did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo disappoint President Polk? - ANSWER The U.S. failed to acquire as much territory as possible. What was President Lincoln's position on slavery? - ANSWER He believed it was wrong, but did not advocate for abolishment of slavery How did the Compromise of 1850 ultimately lead to increased tensions between northern abolitionists and southern supporters of slavery? - ANSWER It revealed that the differences between North and South were not simply solvable by an act of Congress since both groups continued to oppose aspects of the Compromise What was a major weakness of the Confederacy during the Civil War? - ANSWER absence of organized industries How did the Union and the Confederacy develop their military forces during the Civil War? - ANSWER Each side began the war by using volunteers, but was forced to implement a draft for white males What did the Emancipation Proclamation proclaim? - ANSWER freedom for slaves in the remaining states of the Confederacy What was the importance of the Emancipation Proclamation to the Union? - ANSWER It established that the war was being fought to eliminate slavery in addition to preserving the Union Which statement describes the role of women during the Civil War? - ANSWER Women performed untraditional and nondomestic tasks What goal was achieved in the South during Reconstruction? - ANSWER improvement of the education system Why was President Johnson impeached? - ANSWER He removed a civil official from office without the consent of Congress How did the competing goals of moderate and radical reconstructionists conflict during the period just before and after the end of the Civil War? - ANSWER Moderate reconstructionists wanted to reincorporate southern states without alienating their white citizens, while radicals proposed harsh laws to punish Confederate sympathizers In the post-Reconstruction South, what U.S. law or decision was circumvented by the establishment of poll taxes and property qualifications for voting? - ANSWER Fifteenth Amendment During Reconstruction, what effect did the crop-lien system have on poor Southern farmers? - ANSWER Unfair lending practices placed farmers in a cycle of debt Which was a trait of the pre-Columbian societies of the Eastern Woodlands? - ANSWER They had access to considerable food resources What was the main objective of the Pilgrims in drafting the Mayflower Compact of 1620? - ANSWER to establish their own government In the colonial era, what three commodities were exchanged in the triangular trade? - ANSWER rum, slaves, and molasses Which sentence accurately describes the availability of basic tools and equipment for the early American colonists? - ANSWER Most colonists lacked basic equipment such as firearms and pots and pans because they were too poor to afford them. What was the major effect of the Stamp Act of 1765? - ANSWER It unified the colonies in resisting the purchase of British goods What action by the American colonists resulted in the passage of The Intolerable Acts by the British Parliament? - ANSWER the Boston Tea Party Which American document was influenced by John Locke's theory that governments are formed to protect "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness"? - ANSWER Declaration of Independence The Articles of Confederation granted sovereign power to which of the following? - ANSWER state governments How did the "Great Compromise" of 1787 reconcile the wishes of Northern and Southern states regarding slavery? - ANSWER Slaves were counted as three-fifths of a person in determining the population for the basis of representation and taxation. The Whiskey Rebellion revealed that the federal government - ANSWER could use force to settle disputes In the early American republic, Republicans criticized the Federalists and their policies for being too - ANSWER elitist. How did the Second Great Awakening affect American society? - ANSWER It helped create a large number of social reform movements Why was Thomas Jefferson initially reluctant to accept the Louisiana Purchase? - ANSWER He was concerned about acting within the limits of the Constitution. What was the United States' primary advantage in the steel industry during the second half of the nineteenth century? - ANSWER abundant reserves of iron and coal in the Midwest What troubled Thomas Jefferson about French control of New Orleans? - ANSWER He understood the importance of New Orleans as a port. What was a principal reason for the expansion of slavery in the early 1800s? - ANSWER The invention of the cotton gin increased production Which statement reflects the role of industry in the pre-Civil War South? - ANSWER Industry was an insignificant element compared to the profitable agricultural economy In the first half of the 19th century, the South became more dependent on the cotton industry as a result of what factor? - ANSWER the boom of the textile industry and the decline of markets for other crops What was the primary purpose of the Monroe Doctrine? - ANSWER to announce that the U.S. would not tolerate European interference on the American continents In the early 1800s, what was the principle of "nullification"? - ANSWER a state's right to rule that a federal law is not applicable What action did the U.S. government take toward Indian tribes during the Jackson presidency? - ANSWER Indian tribes were relocated to territories in the western United States How did the American public react to the Louisiana Purchase? - ANSWER Despite some political wrangling, Jefferson's triumphant reelection suggested that the purchase was popular among citizens. What was the result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? - ANSWER Mexico ceded California and New Mexico to the United States. What factor was critical to the passage of the Compromise of 1850? - ANSWER the death of President Taylor How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 alter the composition of American political parties? - ANSWER It led to the formation of the Republican Party Why were some in the Union hesitant to abolish slavery during the Civil War? - ANSWER Politicians wanted to appease slave states that remained in the Union Which governmental action prevented African Americans from achieving equality during Reconstruction? - ANSWER passage of Jim Crow Laws What was one of the requirements for former Confederate states to apply for readmission to the Union? - ANSWER The state had to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment What was the purpose of the Jim Crow laws enacted during Reconstruction? - ANSWER to obstruct civil rights for African Americans How did the Southern economy change after Reconstruction? - ANSWER A more diversified agricultural system emerged. What did the Industrial Revolution in the United States do? - ANSWER Created a widening gap between the North and South. The Puritan founders of Massachusetts Bay Colony? - ANSWER Were intent on building a model community. The nation emerged from it's second war with England? - ANSWER Better prepared to settle it's Western territories. The doctrine of nullification argued that? - ANSWER A state could refuse to implement a federal law. What did the Emancipation Proclamation do? - ANSWER freed the slaves In the federal constitution, the following decision was made regarding how slaves would be counted? - ANSWER They would be counted for both taxation and representation. The impact of the controversy over the expansion of slavery into the western territories can be seen best in? - ANSWER The compromise of 1850. The Articles of Confederation put the importance of states and be that of the central government in all the following ways EXCEPT? - ANSWER All western lands had to be turned over to the central government. If Lincoln had lived through his second term, it is most likely that? - ANSWER North and South would have found more reasonable ways of getting along. The South, in the decade following the Civil War? - ANSWER Saw the emergence of commercial, urban "New South." North America before European colonization? - ANSWER Was vulnerable to common European diseases. American policy towards Indian tribes in the 1830's focused on? - ANSWER Isolating them as far west as possible into undeveloped areas. Political parties emerged in the 1790's because? - ANSWER Hamilton's economic policies were deeply divisive. As tensions mounted between North and South over westward expansion in the late 1840's, the results of the Mexican War? - ANSWER Increased sectional friction by setting up a debate over the future of slavery in California. The Stamp Act of 1765 - ANSWER Required colonists to pay taxes on most printed documents. In the Great Plains region, most pre-Columbian societies - ANSWER Fished salmon as their principal occupation. In colonial New England, - ANSWER Dowries were a common feature of marriage. In North America as a result of the Seven Years' War, England - ANSWER Confirmed its commercial supremacy and increased its political control of the settled regions In 1776, Abigail Adams was an advocate for - ANSWER new protections for women against abusive and tyrannical men. The British military campaigns of 1777 saw - ANSWER General John Burgoyne suffer a major defeat at Saratoga As the fighting in the final phase of the American Revolution () carried into communities previously isolated from the war, - ANSWER support for independence greatly increased. During the second phase () of the American Revolution, British military efforts were hampered by - ANSWER A series of tactical blunders and misfortunes Shortly after signing the Treaty of Paris of 1783, the British government - ANSWER Restricted American access to British markets The core American political ideology of the post-war period considered the success of the new republican governments to be dependent on - ANSWER independent landowners In 1780, Massachusetts sought to revise the power of the governor by - ANSWER having him elected directly by the people. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 - ANSWER The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 -Created a single territory out of the lands north of Ohio. -Guaranteed freedom of religion throughout the affected areas. -Prohibited slavery within the affected areas. -Abandoned the system created in the 1784 Ordinance. Nine of the first ten amendments to the Constitution placed limits on the - ANSWER New government The first state to ratify the Constitution in 1787 was - ANSWER Delaware At the start of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the delegates ruled that - ANSWER Each state delegation would have a single vote. The achievement of the "Great Compromise" of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 was its resolution of the problem regarding - ANSWER Political representation. Pinckney's Treaty (1795) gave the United States - ANSWER -The right to navigate the Mississippi River to its mouth -The freedom to use the port at New Orleans -A desired fixed northern boundary of Florida -Assurances that Indians in Florida would be prevented from launching northern raids. The first secretary of the treasury under the new government of 1789 was? - ANSWER Alexander Hamilton As Treasury secretary, Alexander Hamilton - ANSWER Supported the creation of a national bank The presidential campaign in 1800 - ANSWER was notable for the sensational personal slandering of both candidates. Who described the election of 1800 as the "Revolution of 1800"? - ANSWER Thomas Jefferson The election of 1796 saw - ANSWER A Federalist president and a Republican vice-president take office During the 1790s, regional support in the United States for Federalists was greatest in the - ANSWER Northeast Second Great Awakening - ANSWER began as an effort by church establishments to revitalize their organizations. Religious skepticism resulted in - ANSWER both the philosophy of "unitarianism" and a wave of revivalism. The message of the Second Great Awakening - ANSWER called for an active and fervent piety In the early nineteenth century, many members of Congress - ANSWER considered their state legislatures to be more prestigious political bodies. During the Jefferson administration, the British claimed the right to stop American merchant ships and seize - ANSWER naturalized Americans born on British soil. Under the treaty terms for the Louisiana Purchase - ANSWER the land boundaries were not clearly defined In 1800, Washington, D.C., - ANSWER was little more than a simple village In the War of 1812, the Battle of New Orleans - ANSWER took place weeks after the war had officially ended In 1814, the British - ANSWER seized Washington and set fire to the White House (presidential mansion). During the War of 1812, the Battle of the Thames - ANSWER saw Tecumseh killed while a brigadier general in the British army During the War of 1812, the United States achieved early military success - ANSWER on the Great Lakes. The early nineteenth century in America is known as the "turnpike era" because - ANSWER many roads were built for profit by private companies The expansion of the medical profession during the early nineteenth century resulted in a - ANSWER decline in midwives. The first American medical school was established at - ANSWER university of pennsylvania In the study of medicine during the early nineteenth century, - ANSWER most doctors recieved their training by working with an established physician In Cohens v. Virginia (1821), Chief Justice John Marshall affirmed the constitutionality of - ANSWER Supreme Court review of state court decisions. The Supreme Court ruling in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) - ANSWER strengthened the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce In the presidential election of 1824, - ANSWER John Q. Adams received the second-most electoral votes and was elected president by the House of Representatives. What event prompted Spain to negotiate the sale of Florida to the United States? - ANSWER The Seminole War The rapid growth of the Northwest and Southwest led to which of the following in the immediate aftermath of the War of 1812? - ANSWER The admission of four new states to the Union The writing of the Monroe Doctrine - ANSWER Was an important example of American nationalism The election of 1828 - ANSWER saw the emergence of a new two-party system. In the early nineteenth century, the westward movement of white Americans was encouraged by all of the following EXCEPT for - ANSWER the lure of mineral mining in the mountainous regions of the West. The first American mill to carry on the processes of spinning and weaving under a single roof was located in - ANSWER Waltham, Massachusetts. The Supreme Court ruled in Johnson v. McIntosh (1823) that - ANSWER Indians had a basic right to their tribal lands. The "era of good feelings" following the War of 1812 reflected - ANSWER rising nationalism and optimism in the United States. In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the Supreme Court confirmed the - ANSWER "implied powers" of Congress. Prior to becoming president, James Monroe had - ANSWER served as secretary of state After the War of 1812, it was clear that the United States needed an improved - ANSWER internal transportation system. The experience of American banking during the War of 1812 revealed the need for - ANSWER another national bank. The policy expressed in the Monroe Doctrine was principally directed at - ANSWER Europe The Missouri Compromise of 1819 - ANSWER maintained the nation's equal number of slave and free states. In 1819, the Adams-Onís Treaty dealt with the American purchase of - ANSWER Florida The presidential administration of John Quincy Adams was - ANSWER noted for its inability to carry out its policies effectively. In the early nineteenth century, the Deep South - ANSWER included a vast, productive region in Alabama and Mississippi. Andrew Jackson's presidential victory in 1828 was - ANSWER decisive but sectional. The representative from New York who proposed an 1819 amendment prohibiting slavery in Missouri was - ANSWER James Tallmadge Jr. During the administration of James Monroe, - ANSWER the Federalist Party in effect ceased to exist. As a result of the War of 1812, - ANSWER the growth of American manufacturing was stimulated in regards to education early nineteenth century republicans favored - ANSWER a nationwide system of free public schools for all male citizens In the fifteenth century, slavery in Africa - ANSWER Generally allowed certain legal protections to the enslaved. Which of the following was NOT introduced by Europeans to the New World? - ANSWER Corn Which statement about Spanish settlements in the New World is FALSE? - ANSWER The first Spanish settlers were mostly interested in farming. What condition(s) in England in the sixteenth century provided incentive for colonization? - ANSWER the availability of the farmland was declining while the population was growing. Cahokia was a large trading center located near what present-day city? - ANSWER St. Louis In his first voyage in 1492, Christopher Columbus - ANSWER mistook Cuba for China. Which of the following statements best characterizes the first years of Jamestown's existence? - ANSWER The settlement survived despite an enormous loss of life. Unlike Puritans, the Quakers - ANSWER rejected the doctrine of original sin. During the early years, the survival and growth of the Plymouth colony - ANSWER was due in large part to the assistance of the natives In its beginning, the Maryland colony - ANSWER was a refuge for English Catholicsf Which of the following does NOT describe the site chosen for the Jamestown settlement? - ANSWER It was inaccessible by ship. Bacon's Rebellion - ANSWER was a conflict between eastern and western political forces in Virginia. During the seventeenth century, the Royal African Company of England - ANSWER deliberately restricted the supply of slaves to the North American colonies. The Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s - ANSWER had particular appeal with women and young men. Primogeniture refers to the - ANSWER passing of property to the firstborn son. Regarding colonial life expectancy during the seventeenth century, - ANSWER life expectancy in New England was exceptionally high. The first plantations in colonial North America emerged in the tobacco-growing areas of - ANSWER Virginia and Maryland. The largest contingent of immigrants during the colonial period were the - ANSWER Scots-Irish. British official Thomas Hutchinson - ANSWER had his home ransacked by anti-Stamp Act demonstrators The Tea Act of 1773 - ANSWER -Followed a few years of relative calm between England and the American colonies. -Lowered the price of tea for American colonists. -Was intended to benefit a private British company. -Provided no new tax on tea. Many colonists believed the legislation passed by the Grenville ministry in - ANSWER meant the British were trying to take away their tradition of self-government. The colonial boycott of tea in 1773 - ANSWER was led in large part by women, who were the primary consumers of tea. Colonial protests directed against the Townshend Duties took the form of - ANSWER a colonial nonimportation agreement. The first clash of the French and Indian War took place near what is now - ANSWER Pittsburgh During the American Revolution, the Iroquois Confederacy officially - ANSWER declared its neutrality. The Virginia Statute of Religious Liberty of 1786 - ANSWER called for a complete separation of church and state In 1776, Abigail Adams was an advocate for - ANSWER new protections for women against abusive and tyrannical men. As commander of the Continental army, George Washington - ANSWER was admired, respected, and trusted by nearly all Patriots One effect of Shays's Rebellion was that it - ANSWER contributed to growing belief the national government needed reform During the American Revolution, Loyalists - ANSWER constituted perhaps as many as one-third of the white colonial population. At the Philadelphia convention, James Madison argued that the ultimate authority of the federal government came from the - ANSWER a two-tier national legislature. The two preeminent Republicans of the 1790s were - ANSWER Thomas Jefferson and James Madison Jay's Treaty (1794) - ANSWER avoided a likely war with England. In the debate over the new government, Antifederalist opponents to the document - ANSWER argued that the Constitution would put an end to individual liberty. James Madison's ideas regarding republican government - ANSWER - were drawn from the French philosopher Baron de Montesquieu. - influenced his decision to write the Federalist Papers - assumed that political factions would help in preventing tyranny. -convinced him to help found the Democratic-Republican Party The emergence of an alternative political organization to the Federalists was prompted by - ANSWER belief that the power of the Federalists needed to be restrained During the Second Great Awakening, the Indian revivalist Handsome Lake called for - ANSWER The restoration of traditional Indian culture The Chesapeake-Leopard incident - ANSWER led the United States to prohibit its ships from leaving for foreign ports. / led the United States to prohibit all exports from American ports. During his first term, President Thomas Jefferson - ANSWER eliminated all internal taxes The Rush-Bagot agreement of 1817 called for - ANSWER the mutual disarmament of the great lakes by britain and the united states The Embargo Act of 1807 - ANSWER created a serious economic depression in the nation. The so-called "corrupt bargain" of 1824 involved - ANSWER a political deal to determine the outcome of the presidential election In the presidential election of 1824 - ANSWER Prior to becoming president, James Monroe had - ANSWER served as secretary of state. The so-called "corrupt bargain" was negotiated between - ANSWER Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. In the 1820s, under Nicholas Biddle, the Bank of the United States - ANSWER was financially sound and profitable. In 1832, Henry Clay sought to use the debate over the Bank of the United States primarily to - ANSWER boost his presidential candidacy. Senator Robert Hayne represented the state of - ANSWER South Carolina In 1832, supporters of President Jackson held a national convention in order to - ANSWER By the 1830s, political parties were generally regarded as - ANSWER a desired and essential part of the democratic process In 1840, efforts to expand voting rights in Rhode Island resulted in - ANSWER two governments claiming control of the state. Who of the following saw his close ties and great influence with President Jackson grow stronger as a result of the Peggy Eaton affair? - ANSWER Martin Van Buren The Black Hawk War - ANSWER was notable for vicious behavior by t