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Summary IB Biology notes HL Chapter 2

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AQA Biology

Institución
Abacus College, Oxford

This is a summary perfect for revision. I am an ex-ib student that graduated with 43 IB points and got 7 in Biology HL. Hope these notes help you as much as they helped me :)

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Subido en 14 de abril de 2023
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Escrito en 2020/2021
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carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
anabolism
catabolism
polysaccharides
monosaccharides
disaccharides
unsaturated
saturated
fatty acids
enzymes
dna
rna
replication
transcription
translation
pcr
respirat
ib

Institución
Abacus College, Oxford
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Grado
AQA Biology

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C2.1 Molecules to Metabolism
● Molecular biology: studies composition, structure, and interactions of cellular molecules

Carbon atom:
● can form 4 covalent bonds
● straight, ring, and branched chains
● saturated and unsaturated compounds

Carbohydrates
● monosaccharides have ring structures

Required diagrams:

Ribose Deoxyribose alpha-glucose beta-glucose

Lipids
● insoluble and hydrophobic in water but soluble in non-polar solvents
● triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

Required Diagram of 1 fatty-acid:

,Proteins
● made up of amino acids
● structural proteins, hormones, enzymes, antibodies

Required diagram of 1 amino acid:

Nucleic Acids:
● makes a chain called nucleotides
● RNA - sugar ribose
● DNA - sugar deoxyribose

Metabolism:
● sum of reactions in our body
● enzyme regulated pathways

Anabolism Catabolism

Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones Breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones
(condensation reaction - produces water) TO (hydrolysis reaction - needs water) TO BREAK
BUILD. Examples:
Examples: dipeptide --> amino.a + amino.a (peptide bond)
glucose + glucose --> maltose (glycosidic bond) (protease)
(maltose synthase) lactose --> glucose + galactose (glycosidic bond)
amino.a + amino.a --> dipeptide (peptide bond) (lactase)
(ribose synthase)

, Synthesis of Urea:
● Wohler accidentally synthesised urea trying to prepare ammonium cyanate.
● He undermined vitalism: organic compounds could only be synthesised by living organisms.
● He showed that the by-product of life could be artificially synthesised.

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