Summary for iGCSE Geography 0460 including human geography, physical geography and economic development with all of the case studies. I achieved an A* in my mock and am expected that grade.
Theme 1: Population and Settlement
Overpopulation
The world's population is growing by 78 million people each year, it's rapidly increasing.
Overpopulated areas have more people than resources and technology.
Causes
● Decrease in mortality rate- elders live longer than they used to.
● Developments in food production- there’s more food available.
● Migration- many MEDCs receive thousands of migrants looking for opportunities.
● Urban concentration- everyone moves to urban areas (rural is underpopulated).
● Lack of female education- women can’t have careers so they have children.
● No contraception- many LEDCs don’t have access to contraception.
● High infant mortality- if children are likely to die, parents want to have many.
● Money from work- parents in LEDCs have many children to work and bring money
home.
Issues
● Not enough housing, slums develop.
● Water and air pollution, more diseases.
● Shortage of food and water, famine and starvation.
● High crime rates, not enough prisons-criminals walk free.
● Not enough healthcare and education.
● Lack of employment, poverty.
● Poverty, unable to support family.
Underpopulation
Underpopulated areas don't have enough people to make use of the resources available.
Causes
● Natural disasters- the likelihood of natural disasters will make people move away from
the area.
● Climate- extreme climate limits where people can live.
● Soil- infertile soil doesn’t allow for agriculture to develop.
● Harsh vegetation- limits the construction of buildings.
● Accessibility- many areas are not well connected with other countries.
● Communications- in many areas the land is not suitable for transport links.
● Low birth rates- not enough children being born so the population doesn’t replenish
itself.
● Migration- many countries have people move away due to the natural or social
environment.
Issues
● Shortage of workers, not enough essential jobs and the economy suffers.
● Low levels of production, impacts development.
● Resources underused and need to be sold.
● High taxes, stresses people's personal finances.
● Lack of government, exploitation and no decision-making.
● Small market, impacts the economy.
● Low export value, not enough money brought into the country.
Overpopulation in Nigeria (Case Study)
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,Population was 175 million in 2013 and is now 206 million, 60% live on less than $ a day.
Nigeria holds 15% of Africa's population.
They face many issues like lack of natural resources, poor health and education, pollution,
more disease, high crime rates and over congestion.
Lagos- issues
It´s the largest city in Africa but is unable to cope with the number of people. It has high
pollution levels, unhygienic conditions and many slums. Former capital city.
Underpopulation in Australia (Case Study)
The interior of the country is empty (climate restricts where people can live, main cities are on
the coast.
Resources aren't being used so the country cannot develop properly.
Benefits are given to families having children.
Population Size Change
Birth rate- average number of births per 1000 people.
Death rate- average number of deaths per 1000 people.
Life expectancy- average number of years a person can expect to live.
Natural population change- birth rate - death rate.
Total population change- birth rate - death rate + migration.
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
The demographic transition model shows population change over time. It studies how birth
rate and death rate affect the total population of a country.
● High stationary- high birth and death rates.
● Early expanding- high birth rates and rapid fall in death rates.
● Late expanding- falling birth rate, slower fall in death rates.
● Low stationary- low birth and death rates.
● Stationary- very low birth rates and low death rates.
Population Change
Most growth will be in LEDCs, in MEDCs most change will be due to migration.
In 2100 35 countries will triple their 2013 population. 40 MEDCs will decrease in population,
some up to 15%.
Niger: High Rate of Population Growth (Case Study)
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,1.7 million people in 1960, 17 million in 2013.
Hot and dry weather, it's landlocked and one of the poorest countries. It homes many
nomadic tribes.
Population growth is 3.4%.
Almost half the country is under 15, with an average of 7 births per woman.
90% work in agriculture and 63% fall below the poverty line.
Population Decline in Russia (Case Study)
Russia´s population has been decreasing since its peak in 1991, mainly due to high death
rates.
Alcohol related deaths, HIV/AIDS, heart disease and tuberculosis levels are high in Russia,
also women don't want children now that they´re educated and can pursue careers.
Immigrant numbers are low and many emigrants are leaving the country.
Population Policies
A population policy is an idea from the government to control population in a country.
Government's role
● They can enable migration from the country.
● Tax money can be spent on healthcare, education, housing, and infrastructure.
● Collect taxes from workers, homes and businesses.
● Can influence population growth and decline.
● Plan for the future population.
Population Policies in Singapore (Case Study)
After independence the “Stop at Two” campaign began. Abortion was legalised, no paid
maternity leave and higher taxes for a third child…
Their birth rates decreased from 6.4 in 1957 to 1.2 in 2012.
Then birth rates were too low, and a policy encouraging children was introduced. Less taxes
for a third child, partly pay for daycare, priority in housing and the best schools, longer sick
leave…
China's One Child Policy (Case Study)
At first larger families were encouraged but in 1979 they realised there weren't enough
resources for everyone, the one-child policy was introduced.
Free healthcare and education for the first child, fines and punishments for 2 or more.
1979 to 2014 birth rates lowered from 5.8 to 1.7, a reverse policy had to be introduced due to
an ageing population.
Population Migration
Migrant- people who move from one place to another to live or work.
Asylum seeker- person who leaves for fear of persecution. Need permission.
Refugee-person who leaves fearing for their lives. Eg. war.
Illegal immigrant- person who enters a country without permission.
Economic migrant- person who moves to a different country for work.
Internal migrant- person who moves within the same country.
South-to-south migration- a person moving from one LEDC to another.
Rural to Urban Migration
Push factors from rural
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, ● Unemployment and low paid jobs.
● Poor housing with no electricity or water, few schools and doctors, poor transport.
● Natural disasters, harsh climate and crop failure.
● Civil war and persecution.
Pull factors to urban
● Work and better pay.
● Better housing, transports, doctors, education, entertainment and is safer.
● More reliable food supply.
● Freedom of speech.
Impacts of Migration
Country of Origin
Positives
● Money is sent home to the family.
● More resources for people left behind.
● New skills used if the migrant returns home.
Negatives
● Loss of contact with friends and relatives.
● Home-sickness
Destination Country
Positives
● Chance to obtain regular work.
● Chance to save money.
● Chance of a better quality of life.
● Chance of better standard of living.
Negatives
● Low-paid work.
● Exploitation in poor working conditions.
● Racial and cultural problems.
● Language barrier.
● Hard to find housing.
Causes of Migration
Voluntary
● Studying abroad- teenagers move away to college.
● Career enhancement- looking for a better job (pay, hours, environment…).
● Greater access to services- people want a better life.
Involuntary
● War- escaping conflict and war zones.
● Political- escaping persecution.
● Natural disasters- people need to be displaced.
● Poverty- people don’t meet basic living requirements.
● Illness- avoiding plagues or serious diseases.
Encouraging Migration
Wealthy countries have benefited greatly from foreign migrant labour.
These countries face some issues that are solved by encouraging migrants:
● Ageing population
● Diminishing workforce
● Reduced birth rate
● Workforce that doesn’t want low-paid and long-hour work or they lack skills.
Internal Migration
The largest internal migration has happened in China, 120 million moved in 30 years from
rural to urban. This is urban sprawl.
75% of the population expected to live in the city by 2034; in 1978 only 20% lived in the city.
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