© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Corporate Financ e The values shown in the solutions may be rounded for display purposes. However, the answers were derived using a spreadsheet without any intermediate rounding. Answers to Problem Set s 1. a. real b. executive airplanes c. brand names d. financial e. bonds *f. investment or capital expenditure *g. capital budgeting or investment h. financing *Note that f and g are interchangeable in the question. Est time: 01 -05 2. A trademark, a factory, undeveloped land, and your work force ( c, d, e, and g) are all real assets. Real assets are identifiable as items with intrinsic value. The others in the list are financial assets, that is, these assets derive value because of a contractual claim. Est time: 01 -05 3. a. Financial assets, such as stocks or bank loans, are claims held by investors. Corpora tions sell financial assets to raise the cash to invest in real assets such as plant and equipment. Some real assets are intangible. b. Capital expenditure means investment in real assets. Financing means raising the cash for this investment. c. The shares of public corporations are traded on stock exchanges and can be purchased by a wide range of investors. The shares of closely held corporations are not publicly traded and are held by a small group of private investors . d. Unlimited liabili ty: Investors are responsible for all the firm‘s debts. A sole proprietor has unlimited liability. Investors in corporations have limited liability. They can lose their investment, but no more. Est time: 01 -05 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 4. Items c and d apply to corporations. Because corporations have perpetual life , ownership can be transferred without affecting operations, and managers can be fired with no effect on ownership. Other forms of business may have unlimited liability and limited life. Est time: 01 -05 5. Separation of ownership facilitates the key attributes of a corporation, including limited liability for investors , transferability of ownership, a separate legal personality of the corporation, and delegated centralized management . These four attributes provide substantial benefit for investors, including the ability to diversify their investment among many uncorrelated returns —a very valuable tool explored in later chapters. Also, these attributes allow investors to quickly exit, enter, or short sell an investment , thereby generating an active liquid market for corporations. However, these positive aspects also introduce substantial negative externalities as well. The separation of ownership from management typically leads to agency problems, where managers prefer to consume private perks or make other decisions for their private benefit —rather than maximize shareholder wealth. Shareholders tend to exercise less oversight of each individual investment as th eir diversification increases. Finally, the corporation‘s separate legal personality makes it difficult to enforce accountability if they externalize costs on to society. Est time: 01 -05 6. Shareholders will only vote to maximize shareholder wealth. Shareholders can modify their pattern of consumption through borrowing and lending, match risk preferences, and hopefully balance their own checkbooks (or hire a qualified pro fessional to help them with these tasks). Est time: 01 -05 7. If the investment increases the firm‘s wealth, it increase s the firm‘s share value. Ms. Espinoza could then sell some or all these more valuable shares to provide for her retirement income. Est time: 01 -05 8. a. Assuming that the encabulator market is risky, an 8% expected return on the F&H encabulator investments may be inferior to a 4% return on U.S. government securities , depending on the relative risk between the two assets. b. Unless the financial assets are as safe as U.S. government securities, their cost of capital would be higher. The CFO could consider expected return s on assets with similar risk. Est time: 06 -10 9. Managers would act in shareholders‘ interests because they have a legal duty to act in their interests. Managers may also receive compensation — bonuses , stock , and option payouts w ith value tied (roughly) to firm performance. Managers may fear personal reputational damage from not acting in sharehol ders‘ interests. And m anagers can be fired by the board of directors (elected by shareholders ). If managers still fail to act in shareholders‘ interests, shareholders may sell their shares, lowering the stock price and potentially creatin g the possibility of a takeover, which can again lead to changes in the board of directors and senior management. Est time: 01 -05 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 10. Managers that are insulated from takeovers may be more prone to agency problems and therefore more likely to act in their own interests rather than in shareholders‘. If a firm instituted a new takeover defense, we might expect to see the value of its shares decline as agency problems increase and less shareholder value maximization occurs. The cou nterargument is that defensive measures allow managers to negotiate for a higher purchase pric e in the face of a takeover bid —to the benefit of shareholder value. Est time: 01 -05 Appendix Questions : 1. Both would still invest in their friend‘s business. A invests and receives $121,000 for his investment at the end of the year —which is greater than the $120,000 that would be receive d from lending at 20% ($100,000 × 1.20 = $120,000 ). G also invests, but borrows against the $121,000 payment, and thus receiv es $100,833 ($121,.20) today. Est time: 01 -05 2. a. He could consume up to $200,000 now (forgoing all future consumption) or up to $216,000 next year ( $200,000 × 1.08, forgoing all consumption this year). He should invest all of his wealth to earn $216,000 next year. To choose the same consumption ( C) in both years, C = ($200,000 – C) × 1.08 = $103,846. 203,704 200,000 220,000 216,000 Dollars Next Year Dollars Now b. He should invest all of his wealth to earn $220,000 ($200,000 × 1.10) next year. If he consumes all this year, he can now have a total of $203,703.7 0 ($200,000 × 1.10/1.08) this year or $220,000 next year. If he consumes C this year, the amount available for next year‘s consumption is ( $203,703.7 0 – C) × 1.08. To get equa l consumption in both years, set the amount consumed today equal to the amount next year: C = ($203,703.7 0 – C) × 1.08 C = $105,769.2 0 Est time: 06 -10 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. CHAPTER 2 How to Calculate Present Values The values shown in the solutions may be rounded for display purposes. However, the answers were derived using a spreadsheet without any intermediate rounding. Answers to Problem Sets 1. a. False. The opportunity cost of capital varies with the risks associated with each individual project or investment. The cost of borrowing is unrelated to these risks. b. True. The opportunity cost of capital depends on the risks associated with each project and its cash flows. c. True. The opportunity cost of capital is dependent on the rates of returns shareholders can earn on the own by investing in projects with similar risks d. False . Bank accounts, within FDIC limits, are considered to be risk -free. Unless an investment is also risk -free, its opportunity cost of capital must be adjusted upward to account for the associated risks. Est time: 01 -05 2. a. In the first year, you will earn $1,000 × 0.04 = $40.00 b. In the second year, you will earn $1,040 × 0.04 = $41.60 c. By the end of the ninth year, you will accru e a principle of $1,040 × (1.049) = $1,423.31. Therefore, in the Tenth year, you will earn $1,423.31 × 0.04 = $56.93 Est time: 01 -05 3. 2019 1972
48
Predicted(1 )
32,000,000,000 2,250 (1 )
40.94% 59.00%tTransistors Transistors r
r
rr
Est time: 01 -05 4. The ―Rule of 72‖ is a rule of thumb that says with discrete compounding the time it takes for an investment to double in value is roughly 72/interest rate (in percent). Therefore, without a calculator, the Rule of 72 estimate is: Time to double = 72 / r Time to double = Time to double = 18 years , so less than 25 years.
