WGU C273 Introduction to Sociology Unit 2 NEW VERSION 100% Pass

WGU C273 Introduction to Sociology Unit 2 NEW VERSION 100% Pass Yolanda thinks of herself as spontaneous and outgoing. At a party, she will introduce herself to strangers; in a class, she is likely to strike up a conversation with her classmates. Sociologists call this aspect of personality, _____. self-concept Which of the following studies would be following the life course approach? a study that considers whether people who were entering college during the Vietnam era are more politically active than those who were younger or older during the Vietnam war. A young child has a tea party with her dolls and pretends to be the mother. What is this an example of? the "play" phase Recognizing the "generalized other" accompanies which stage of a child's life: the game stage A _____ is an action that is forbidden or sacred depending on strong cultural beliefs. taboo New members of a sorority learn the appropriate behavior and dress at a chapter meeting through _______. enculturation Radicals or anarchists would be considered members of a ______. counterculture The increasing popularity of meeting via webcam is an example of the _________ of world culture. modernization Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism? An American finds it rude when a Chinese person burps loudly at dinner. At birth, Alex's sex was assigned as "male," but Alex later underwent surgery at 28 years old to transition to a female body. Alex would be considered a _______. transsexual What does gender have to do with socialization? A child's gender may determine how they are treated and essentially affect how they perceive themselves. Each culture has certain _______, or culturally accepted ways of doing things that apply to everyday life. norms Figures who significantly impact a child's life enough to affect their observations and internalization of social behavior. Also known as significant others. particular others The study of the roles, attitudes, and behaviors that are appropriate for a particular stage of life. life course The orientation in which one has sexual attraction toward any sex or gender identity. bisexuality A fixed understanding that an individual has of themselves regardless of social context. self-concept People and entities that influence an individual's development of self and provide social environments and contexts. agents of socialization A perception that we have of ourselves that can change and fluctuate in different social contexts. self-image An activity done for pleasure that lacks structure or rules. play The chronic absence of sexual attraction toward any sex or gender identity. asexuality The way an individual defines their sexual attraction. Also referred to as sexual orientation. sexual identity A form of advertising that targets and appeals to a specific gender in order to sell a product or service. gendered marketing The fundamental and often first social group for an individual; a family frequently consists of biological relatives to the individual, but more generally, it has strong emotional ties to and is instrumental in raising the individual. family An activity done for pleasure that has definitive rules, organization, and structure. game Cultural expectations or rules for behavior. norm The inclination of an individual's sexual attraction. sexual orientation Collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a given culture. values A common synonym for "homosexual," often (but not always) referring to men. gay The orientation in which one's primary sexual attraction is toward the opposite sex. heterosexuality Societal norms and conventions that define what behaviors and characteristics should be aligned with each sex. gender roles The state of being in between two life stages. liminal state Constitutes the full development of the individual; involves the generalized other. social self Gender refers to the social component that reflects not only a person's biological identity but the cultural and social values and roles assigned to that identity. gender The identity given by a person's biological sex characteristics. sex Public ceremonies or rituals recognizing the transition of a person from one group or status to another. rites of passage The initial stage in George Herbert Mead's theory of the development of the self, where an infant mimics and imitates the simple actions and facial expressions they see others do. This stage precedes their ability to play or role-take. preparatory Individuals who belong to the same social group, typically based on factors like age and/or economic standing. peers An individual's perception of his or her identity, which is formed and developed by social interactions and immersion in society. self A way of describing any individual's behaviors and interests that do not conform to society's expectations of that individual's perceived gender. gender-variant Demands and expectations for behavior agreed upon by a culture or society. generalized other Acronym standing for "lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender," which is used to refer to nonheterosexual and transgender people. LGBT The biological or genetic attributes and predispositions of an individual. nature The process of mentally taking on the role of others in order to understand ideal or appropriate social behavior. role-taking An umbrella term describing anyone whose gender identity does not match their assigned physical sex. transgender A male-bodied individual who dresses in traditionally feminine clothing and exhibits feminine behavior that is often exaggerated for show or performance. drag queen The condition where an individual is born with biological characteristics that are both male and female. intersex Any technological channel of communication that reaches a significant portion of the population. mass media The orientation in which one's primary sexual attraction is toward the same sex. homosexuality The process by which people discover themselves in relation to their society. socialization An individual whose gender identity is the opposite of their assigned physical sex, who often desires to align their physical body with their mental gender identity through some medical means (such as hormone replacement therapy or surgical sex reassignment). transsexual A common term for homosexual women. lesbian A large and comprehensive organization in a society that has a specific purpose. institution A female-bodied individual who exhibits traditionally masculine behaviors and interests, such as dressing in masculine clothing or participating in masculine physical activities. tomboy Charles Horton Cooley's concept of the process of individuals evaluating themselves based on how they imagine other people view them. looking-glass self The social environment that forms certain attributes of an individual. nurture You are thinking about shaving your head, and you consider how others will react to this choice. What occurs in the second stage of the looking-glass self, according to Charles Cooley? You begin to imagine how others will judge your hairstyle. Which provides the best example of conflicting agents of socialization in someone's life? Someone's parents teach her to respect her elders, but her peers do not respect authority. In a certain culture, it is considered acceptable for someone in his early 20s to try out multiple jobs in order to figure out what he wants to do for his career, but the same behavior is considered inappropriate for a person in his 40s who needs to support his family. This is an example of which sociological approach to socialization? the life course Why is the play stage important for a child's socialization? It allows the child to practice another role. It is important to separate nature and nurture when studying socialization _________ in order to better understand what aspects of humans can be socialized. A law is passed requiring that girls' sports be given the same resources as boys' sports. This law leads to universities awarding valuable scholarships, which encourages parents to invest in girls' sports. Stronger female athletes attract more viewers to women's professional sports, which leads to a shift in how the culture views and values women. What sociological concept is this an example of? Holism What would a desire to eat be considered? A drive Which aspect of eating would a sociologist be most likely to study? Whom a person chooses to eat with When people take their own culture as the standard for judging others, they are _____. ethnocentric How can folkways and mores be compared? Folkways are traditional ways of doing something, while mores concern moral values. Behavior that is preprogrammed is known as _____, which animals — as opposed to humans — are primarily equipped with. instincts What is the difference between subcultures and countercultures? Subcultures have their own distinctive language, values, and behaviors, while countercultures are oriented against what they perceive to be flaws in the dominant culture. Enculturation is the process of ______. learning, acquiring, and internalizing cultural patterns and practices A twenty-year-old woman subconsciously compares her weight to those of women she sees in magazines and is constantly dieting to lose weight. What is this an example of? the mass media as an agent of socialization From a sociological perspective, which factor does not greatly influence a person's socialization? blood type Which of the following examples best exhibits how a school socializes a student? The student learns to pay attention and follow the instructions of someone in a position of authority. Which of the following is usually the earliest agent of socialization in a person's life? family Because Mary is a girl, she presumes that when she's in high school, she will wear makeup, shop for shoes, and try out for the cheerleading squad. Which of the following do all these characteristics that Mary believes she must employ fall into? gender roles What is the main reason that sociologists struggle with defining certain parts of society as subcultures? The world inherently implies a place within the hierarchy of society. Which of the following is NOT an example of a norm and the cultural value that explains it in the United States? shaking hands when you meet someone and making sure to met as many new people as possible at a party Why are sociologists interested in cultural symbols? They give clues to outsiders about the values and norms of a culture, they allow people in a culture to communicate and they are a method for people to express themselves. ___________ can lead to cultural change, because it allows new and different ideas to be exchanged between cultures that they might not have had access to previously. globalization A sociologist is studying the culture of Afghanistan, where the mistreatment and subjugation of women has been standard for many years. If she sets aside her moral judgments to better understand the culture's reasoning for this norm, what is this called? cultural relativism Belief of a group or individual on which behavior and decisions are based. cultural value A norm that is just a traditional or usual way of doing something folkways The assumption that any aspect of a culture is integrated with other aspects, so that no dimension of culture can be understood in isolation. holism Perceptions and practices, largely shaped by the subjective meaning we give to our experiences, used to define what is real. social construction of reality The transmission of information and meaning through channels that are not spoken out loud or written down. non-verbal communication A culturally shaped way of acting that reflects and enforces culture. norm Any object, word, or action that signifies meaning of something else. symbol A punishment or reward given out in response to breaking or fulfilling a cultural norm. sanction A social concept that groups certain people together based on physical traits like skin color, though there is no biological basis for such categorization. race The integration of national economies into the global economy with open access to people, goods, and information. globalization The attitude or opinion that the norms, values, and customs of one's own culture are superior to those of other people's. ethnocentrism A norm that deals with questions of morality, right and wrong. more Groups of people who share the same cultural identity, which is often based on their heritage and ancestry. ethnic groups The view that morality is culturally determined and consequently there is no objective moral rule or law that is universally correct. cultural relativism The transfer of cultural ideas from one national or ethnic group to another. Usually the cultural idea is transformed somehow. diffusion A system of communication through conventional symbols. language Norms that are so strong a violation is considered so offensive and even unmentionable and includes extreme sanctions. taboo Learning cultural patterns of a new culture. Generally we use this concept to describe children learning their own culture. enculturation A culture or subculture with values and customs that are opposed to those accepted by most of the society. counterculture The transition from a pre-modern society to a modern society; the process of urbanization and industrialization. modernization A group within a larger culture that has distinctive attitudes and behaviors which sets them apart from the dominant culture. subcultures Knowledge, language, values, norms, customs, and material objects that characterize a group and are passed from person to person from one generation to the next. culture The ways people use their bodies to communicate with one another non-verbally. gestures A complex behavior that is preprogrammed. instinct A language used by a subculture to distinguish themselves from the dominant culture; the jargon of a subculture. argot What is the difference between race and ethnicity? Race is a social category while ethnicity is a shared ancestry and heritage. What do sociologists think about ethnocentrism? It is useful insofar as it gives people a sense of belonging, but it can prevent them from learning about other cultures. Which of the following is the best example of how globalization might impact the culture in the United States? A South Korean music video is widely seen in the United States. Which of the following agents of socialization would most influence a high school girl attempting to fit in at high school? Her peers What did Margaret Mead's research on the gender roles of the Arapesh, the Mundugumor (now called Biwat), and the Tchambuli (now called Chambri) suggest? Gender roles are learned and not universal. Which of the following scenarios is an example of a person experiencing a liminal state? Parth works at a coffee shop after school in order to pay for some household expenses, but his parents still impose a curfew on him. According to George Henry Mead, the game phase is characterized by: An understanding of rules and structure If Arvo is wondering how his co-workers are judging the new outfit he wore to work, he is at which stage of the looking-glass self? The second stage Which of the following is the best example of self-concept? Felix knows he is a good student.