NAS 2 Challenge Exam (2023/2024) 100+ Questions and Verified Answers| Already Graded A

NAS 2 Challenge Exam (2023/2024) 100+ Questions and Verified Answers| Already Graded A Q: Define organic compounds and list the 4 major groups of organic compounds in the body Answer: All organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen. 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids Q: Define carbohydrates. Name the elements that make-up carbohydrates Answer: Sugars (saccharide) and starches that are formed by a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) Q: State which monosaccharide the body prefers to use to make ATP Answer: glucose Q: Name the simplest building block of carbohydrates and lipids Answer: carbon Q: Define glycogen and its function Answer: A major source of fuel for the body, brain, and cells. The cells convert glucose into a ATP that is used for energy and to carryout life sustaining processes Q: Define lipids, name the main types of lipids and their functions. Name the elements found in lipids Answer: C, H, O, P & sometimes S 1. Triglycerides (fats): Main functions: a. Energy b. Insulation c. Protection d. Structure 2. Phospholipids: a. Main component of membranes b. Phospholipid Bilayer! c. Held together by hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions and H bonding 3. Steriods: Functions: a. Cell membranes b. Hormones c. Regulate metabolism and immune function d. Contribute to homeostasis: Regulate excretion of electrolytes e. In bacteria, contributor to cell wall of some species Q: Compare the amount of stored energy in fat to proteins and carbohydrates. Answer: Fat provides twice as much energy per gram than carbohydrates or proteins. Q: Explain lipogenesis and lipolysis and state the physiological situation that triggers each process to occur. Answer: 1. Lipogenesis: Excess fats are stored as triglycerides in adipocytes (fat cells) - Triglycerides synthesis - A dehydration reaction 2. Lipolysis: Breakdown of stored triglycerides into fatty acids & glycerol - A hydration reaction - FA & glycerol used to make energy - Preferred energy source for liver, heart, and muscles Q: Describe the structure of phospholipids and explain how they orient themselves when exposed to water Answer: 1. Modified polarized triglycerides - Just 2 glycerides - Phosphate group! 2. Have a "Head" and "Tail" a. Head = phosphate group Hydrophilic b. Tail = triglyceride (hydrophobic) 3. Two layers of the phospholipids head and teals creating a phospholipid bi-layer. The tails "lie" tail to tail forming the inner layer and the heads face "out" forming the outer barrier Q: Define steroids and describe their functions. Answer: Q: Describe the structure, function and location of the mitochondria.