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Samenvatting International and European Relations (B-KUL-HMH30F)
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Samenvatting International and Europeanrelations
Samenvatting International and European relations ......................................................................................................... 1
Definition and major actors in international relations ................................................................................................... 2
International relations ............................................................................................................................................. 2
Actors in international relations ............................................................................................................................... 2
Theories on international relations........................................................................................................................... 6
International cooperation in international organizations: Peace and security.............................................. 7
United Nations ............................................................................................................................................................. 7
Some general features and basics ............................................................................................................................ 8
The UN and the maintenance of international peace security ................................................................................. 11
Powers of the Security Council ............................................................................................................................... 12
UN peacekeeping operations: ................................................................................................................................ 17
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ............................................................................................................................. 20
The origin of NATO................................................................................................................................................. 21
NATO AND THE MAINENANCE OF PEACE AND SECURITY............................................................................................. 24
BASIC PRINCIPLES .................................................................................................................................................. 24
POLICY OF NATO DURING COLD WAR ..................................................................................................................... 24
POLICY OF NATO SINCE THE END OF COLD WAR AND THE DISSOLUTION FO THE WARSAW PACT (THE COMMUNIST
COUNTERPART TO NATO) ...................................................................................................................................... 24
ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE.............................................................................. 31
International cooperation in international organizations: HUMAN RIGHTS protection............................. 39
United nations ........................................................................................................................................................... 39
Some general features and basics .......................................................................................................................... 39
UN HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES .................................................................................................................................... 42
ENFORCEMENT ...................................................................................................................................................... 42
Council of Europe ....................................................................................................................................................... 48
Some general features and basics: ......................................................................................................................... 48
Enforcement of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights (1950) + Protocols (1,4, 6, 7, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15, 16): ....................................................................................................................................................... 50
International cooperation in international organizations: INTERNATIONAL TRADE ................................. 60
THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ........................................................................................................................... 60
Some general features and basics .......................................................................................................................... 60
THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE WTO ...................................................................................................................... 63
DISPUTE SETTLING PROCEDURE OF WTO .......................................................................................................... 69
SYSTEM IS BLOCKED BY THE USA ..................................................................................................................... 70
,DEFINITION AND MAJOR ACTORS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
I N T E R N A T I O N A L R E LA T I O N S
→ Are relations that take place across national boundaries (Better term is world politics)
International relations attempts to explain the interactions of states in the global interstate system, and it also
attempts to explain the interactions of others whose behaviour originates within one country and is targeted
toward members of other countries.
A C T O R S I N I N T E R N A T I O N A L R E LA T I O N S
CASE STUDY: ACTORS IN WAR BETWEEN UKRAINE AND RUSSIA
1) States: US, Poland, Slovakia, China, African countries (indirectly involved) → the entire world is involved
(directly or indirectly)
2) International organization: NATO, EU, IMF, UN, OPEC, WTO, Eurasian economic Union, Collective
Security Treaty Organization (= The Central Asian Republics are members of several regional
organizations whose stated aim is promoting multilateral solutions to security and economic challenges),
OSCE, FAO, United Nations for Refugees, international atomic energy agency, International criminal
court (→ maybe in the future)
- Big companies: Mc Donalds, media companies, Oil gas lines, electricity, weapons industry, diamond
sector, agricultural sector, banking sector like the SWIFT, logistic companies, …
3) Ngo’s defending the rights of the refugees, providing humanity aide, doctors without borders, amnesty
internationals who are investigating, Rebel groups, Wagner group → are seen as non-governmental
STATES
A state is a centralized political organization that imposes and enforces rules over a population within a
territory and has the capacity to enter into relations with other states.
You need:
1) A territory
2) A government who are exercising authority over the population who are living on the territory,
3) A population living on the territory
4) You must have the capacity to enter into relations with other states.
International Recognition is it a requirement for international relations or not?
Recognition: is a process whereby certain facts are accepted and endowed with a certain legal status, such as
statehood, sovereignty over newly acquired territory, or the international effects of the grant of nationality.
Constitutive theory (you need recognition otherwise you are not regarded as a state)
States that recognition of an entity as a state is not automatic. This means that states are essentially
non-existent and do not possess any legal rights until recognized by other states. (see ex)
→ Problem in world politics: there is no central authority in the world deciding to recognise an entity as a
state or not. Each state will decide if it will recognise an entity as a stat because they recognise them.
Declaratory theory (recognition is not a criteria as such)
Article 3 provides that “The political existence of the State is independent of recognition by the other
States.” The Restatement also adopts the declaratory theory. It does not consider recognition by
other States an essential element of a State.
2
, Example
➢ Taiwan
Taiwan’s international status has been in limbo for decades. The government in Taipei, which formerly
represented China in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), is today left with only approximately 20
diplomatic allies and struggles against long odds to gain access to international organizations. At present
Taiwan is not widely recognized as an independent state, but it has been effectively self-governed by the
government of the Republic of China (ROC) for over 60 years and has boasted a democratic government for
the last 15 years.
→ Today Taiwan is left with 23 diplomatic allies, most of them small developing countries on Pacific islands, in
Africa, or in Latin America
➢ Kosovo
39 States have now recognised Kosovo as a State. The United Kingdom, United States, Turkey and France
recognised Kosovo on 18 February 2008, the day after Kosovo declared independence from Serbia on 17
February 2008.
Why was Kosovo not recognized by the UN?
Kosovo is still not a UN member State because two of its permanent members, China and Russia, used their
veto right and declared the independence of this region illegal.
➢ Israel
Also Palestina : At least 167 of the 193 UN member states officially recognize Israel with the UAE, Bahrain,
Sudan, Morocco, and Bhutan the most recent in 2020. Twenty-nine countries have never recognized Israel,
most are Arab/Muslim nations. → so they do not have permanent population
→ Israel is the only state in the world with a majority Jewish population
➢ Hong Kong
Hong Kong is not part of the UK, but has a separate status in terms of trade, structure of government than
china. Part of the people’s republic of china but it has a separate status within the people’s republic of china.
Separate customs union → It cannot become a full member of the UN; only states can apply for membership.
➢ Vatican city
Regarded as a state. You have a territory; you have a population and government and you can have relations
with other states. Member of the international organizations as well.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
One way or another states want to corporate, states are represented by members of that organization, you
need an international agreement (= treaty: a text in which you lay down the objectives, what you want to
achieve with this agreement), you need institutions/ organs within that organization, you have rights & duties
on international law (just like states it has international legal personality), an org independent of the will
International organizations:
1) Established by states (membership limited exclusively or primarily to states) → cooperate
2) By means of a treaty → constitution
3) Organ with a distinct will → to defend & represent the interests of the org as such
4) Established under international law → All international rules are applicable/relevant
5) International legal personality→ As int org, you have rights and duties under national and intern law.*
(privileges and immunities, the buildings of an international organization are inviolable.
*You also have obligations: when an international organization violates an international rule, it can be held responsible
and the organization has to pay for some kind of compensation.
3
, Examples
A bad example:
o Olympic games, Greenpeace because it is a private actor and has no establishment by international
law, states or international duties → Informal: D12, BRICs
o Amnesty, rights of refugees, red cross … → ngo’s Not regarded of a separate one because they are
integrated in UN and so It does not enjoy international law.
Good example: EU, UN, WTO, WHO, ILO, IMF, EEA, AEN, OPEC
Doubtful → Interpol: it has been recognised as an international organization so yes it is an internat org.
Classifications
➢ Supranational vs intergovernmental
An intergovernmental organization (IGO) is composed of nation-states and it promotes voluntary co-
operation and coordination among its members. Decisions and agreements reached in this type of
organization however are not enforceable, and the members remain independent. The crucial aspect of an
IGO is that the members do not surrender any power (or sovereignty) to it. → All member states needs to
agree.
Ex. EU , UN, OPEC, ADB, WTO, NAFTA, OES, ASEAN, OECD, WHO
→ Decision: common accord of the governments on amendments to the Treaties, which are then put to the
Member States for ratification in accordance with their constitutional requirements; before that, a decision by
the European Council is required, by a simple majority, on whether or not to convene a Convention, following
the consent of Parliament. Veto is possible
A supranational organization is different because member states do surrender power in specific areas to the
higher organization. The members have transferred some parts of their sovereignty to the international
organization. You have less control over the decision making process
→ Decisions taken by a supranational organization must be obeyed by the member states. Decision can be
taken by an organ of an independent expert. Can also be legally binding for all members.
They can take decisions but not against the will of the consent of Parliament. Ex. EU, security counsel
➢ Open (universal) organizations vs closed organizations
Open (multilateral one): starting point is any state can join and can apply for membership, do not restrict
membership in advance. It is not because you apply that you will be accepted.
Ex. UN, WHO, WTO, ILO, ITU , ICAO, IMO, FAO, World bank, UNESCO, IMF, WIPO
Closed: from the beginning, not every state can apply for it, or some states are immediately refused. You do
restrict membership in advance. → how can you restrict membership? based on what?
− Geographically/location restrictions: only EU
− Only wealthy and rich organization ex. OSEP
− Only organizations who export natural resources for instance
− Only countries that are member of 1 international organization for ex. Common wealth
− The same religion: ex. Islamic consultant
Ex. EU (regional), counsel of Europe, NAFTA, common wealth (former British colonies), OAS, African Union, ...
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