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Violence and security summary readings
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Extensive summaries of the readings for violence and security 2023
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1 - Amelia Hoover Green's (2013) "How to Read Political Science: A Guide in FourSteps"
The four steps she outlines are:
Step 1: Identify the research question and hypothesis
● What is the author's main research question?
● What is the author's hypothesis or argument?
● Are the research question and hypothesis clearly stated?
● Are they feasible and testable?
● Are they situated in the relevant literature and debates in the field?
● Are they original or innovative in some way?
Step 2: Analyze the methodology
● What is the author's research design?
● What methods did the author use to collect data?
● What methods did the author use to analyze data?
● Are the methods appropriate for the research question and hypothesis?
● Are there any potential biases or limitations in the methodology?
Step 3: Evaluate the evidence
● What evidence does the author use to support their argument?
● Is the evidence relevant to the research question and hypothesis?
● Is the evidence reliable and valid?
● Are there any alternative explanations for the evidence?
● Does the author use enough evidence to support their argument?
Step 4: Consider the broader implications
● What are the broader implications of the author's findings?
● How do the findings contribute to the field?
● Is there any policy or practical implications of the findings?
● Are there any theoretical implications of the findings?
● Are there any limitations or potential directions for future research?
By asking and answering these questions, readers can gain a deeper understanding of the author's
research and argument, as well as the broader context and implications of the findings.
1 - Therése Pettersson et al. 2021. “Organized violence 1989-2020, with a special
emphasis on Syria.” Journal of Peace Research 58(4): 809-825.
The authors use data from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), which provides information
on various forms of organized violence such as armed conflict, riots, and one-sided violence, among
others. The study covers the period from 1989 to 2020 and examines the geographical distribution,
types, and intensity of organized violence.
,Some of the key findings of the study include:
● The number of conflicts has decreased since the end of the Cold War, but the severity of
violence has increased.
● The Middle East and North Africa region has seen a significant increase in the number and
intensity of conflicts since the Arab Spring in 2011.
● Syria has experienced the most intense conflict globally since 2011, with high levels of
violence directed at civilians.
● The majority of organized violence is now directed at civilians rather than combatants, which
marks a shift from traditional warfare.
The authors identify several drivers of organized violence, including political, economic, and social
factors. They argue that addressing the root causes of organized violence is crucial for promoting
sustainable peace and reducing the impact of conflicts on civilian populations.
★ Political Factors: Political factors refer to issues related to governance, power, and conflict
over resources.
★ Economic Factors: Economic factors refer to issues related to wealth, poverty, and
inequality.
★ Social Factors: Social factors refer to issues related to identity, culture, and social norms.
It's important to note that these factors are often interrelated, and addressing them requires a holistic
approach. Addressing the root causes of organized violence requires a combination of political,
economic, and social strategies, as well as a commitment to promoting human rights and the rule of
law.
2 - War and Economic Development: Export-Oriented Industrialization in East and
Southeast Asia (Stubbs 1999)
- the location of East and Southeast Asia as a battleground in WW2 and the following
attempts by the US to contain communism have provided a significant geostrategic context
for rapid economic development in the region
- this was marked by the switch to an export-oriented industrialization market in Japan, South
Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand
- each country had distinctive economic and political institutions and developed
export-led strategies at different points in the sequence of wars between 1941 and
1989
- effects of war on states where there is fighting: destructive
- widespread loss of life, forced migration, social and political dislocation, diminished
capacity of the institutional state/its destruction, shortage of commodities,
undermining/breakdown of economy, debt and collapse of the state
- effects on states preparing for war or on the periphery of the war: formative or developmental
and redistributive or reformative
, - Formative or developmental effects: territorial gains, unification of society through
the exploitation of external threats, centralization of government and power,
reinforcement of state administrations, broadening and deepening of state revenue,
technologic development, mobilization of people and capital, economic growth =>
long-term economic consequences
- Redistributive or reformative effects: domestic redistribution of wealth through
spending on the war, regional/international redistribution of wealth through aids, or
through changes in economic patterns, socialization and integration of society,
increases in educational and skill level, compliance, the introduction of new reforms,
habituation of government intervention
- the effects are determined by the way in which civil and guerrilla wars are fought
- societies can experience mixed effects in various combinations
- analysis in Europe shows 3 effects of war on political and economic development
1. war and preparation for war give impetus to creating state structures and promoting
the civilization of state power => development of central bureaucracy
2. the mobilization and sources of capital used to prepare or conduct for war affect the
development of the state, the economy, and the society
3. in Europe, interventionism was associated with the confluence of industrialization
and preparation for war
4. war and mercantilism coincide when states seek to enhance their economic status
by preparing to wage/actually fight a war
1. One of the key conditions for the development of a successful export-oriented
industrialization strategy in East and Southeast Asia was a strong institutional state linked to
the business community and able to adopt and fully implement the necessary policy reform.
- due to the series of wars in the region, societies were weak and the institutional
states became relatively strong and autonomous.
1. WW2 devastated the social and political order, weakening the
cohesion and influence of previously important social groups =>
destructive effects
2. on the perception of Asian communism as a threat expanded policy
capacity to mobilize all possible resources. coercive and civil
aspects of state capacity both improved (the former helped by
American aid as well)=> formative effects
3. as a consequence, the relationship between state and society was
altered. people accepted the hegemonic project of building a strong
economy to meet the Communist threat
- this allowed governments to implement export-oriented strategies:
- the Western ban on trade with China forced Hong Kong to adopt an
export-oriented strategy
- Japan emphasized exports to deal with balance-of-payments issues in the
1950s
- Taiwan and South Korea turned to it in the 1960s, Taiwan because of
balance-of-payments issues and South Korea because of pressure by the
US
, - despite differences in strength and capability to initiate all aspects, all seven
economies were reshaped enough to implement export-oriented policies in contrast
to many other Third World countries.
2. the key to the introduction of new strategies was the availability of capital. Geostrategic factors
ensured the necessary supply of capital in many cases and also provided the incentive to construct
roads, railways, port, and airport facilities, to move raw materials and goods out of the countries
- Japan benefited from the capital injected into the economy by the Korean War, due to its
strategic location used by the Americans. the Vietnam War also had a similar effect
- Hong Kong was pushed into the export-oriented strategy by the Communist victory in China
in 1949 and by the Korean War. first, when people fled China due to the Communist victory,
there was a massive influx of skilled workers, machines, and funds from Shanghai. then, after
the start of the Korean War and the threat of communist expansion, Britain, the US, and
other countries placed an embargo on trade with Beijing, so Hong Kong had to revert to
exporting by building on the resources acquired previously from the Shanghai exodus.
- Taiwan was fortified by US aid against the Chinese threat
- SK was also economically assisted by the US
- Singapore received American foreign investment after the separation from Malaysia, the end
of a confrontation with Indonesia, and the escalation of the Vietnam war
- in Thailand, US aid was influential as well as Japanese investments
- Malaysia was influenced by the Korean War and internal conflicts that led the government to
encourage export-oriented industrialization
3. Wars were crucial in creating markets to export manufacturing. Especially the Vietnam War and
the markets generated by American spending had market formative, reformative, and redistributive
effects on SK, Taiwan, and Singapore. Japanese markets were mostly affected by the Korean War.
For Malaysia and Thailand the regional wars were of indirect benefit in providing export markets09
since they developed export-oriented strategies later than the other country
3 - The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Normative Basis of Nuclear
Non-Use ( Tannenwald 1999)
- Hypothesis: there are moral normative norms that explain the non-use of nuclear weapons
since deterrence is not a complete explanation. Empirical anomalies to support this claim: 1)
the first ten years of the nuclear era, where the US had an absolute nuclear monopoly (=no
chance of retaliation), the non-use of nuclear weapons by the UK in the Falklands and by the
Soviet Union in Afghanistan; 2) why nuclear weapons have not deterred attacks by
non-nuclear states against nuclear states, such as China attacking the US in Korea,
Argentina attacked Britain in the Falklands etc. 3) the security dilemma is not that big of a
deal for small states although they’re defenseless against nuclear attacks 4) if deterrence
was that important then why have many states not developed nuclear weapons?
- Thesis: there is a normative prohibition against nuclear weapons that has affected the
practices and restrained the self-help behavior of states.
- Nuclear Taboo: systemic phenomenon spread on a global level, that is associated with
widespread popular revulsion against nuclear weapons, and inhibition of their use. this is
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