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Area studies

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Area Studies: Basic Concepts (L2)
A. Area Studies as Global Positioning Sensitivity

-what defines us& them ( the romance of the other creates ‘us vs them’ view)

-power of the observer

-power in unexpected places

-power goes both ways

=> 1 era of Globalisation= silvertrade from America to China through Europe

B. Expressions of power:

1.Dressingmanner

2.Classification: Make sense of the world
BUT if 1group does the thinking/classifying for the other
3.Progress: in who’s opinion?

4.History: never neutral

5.Language: reflection social class,hometown

6.Tolerance &Distancing: expression of arrogance, seeming t be objective

7.Dialogue: more like a monolog often (Napoleon in Egypt, Babakiueria)

C. Concepts:

*conjuncture: big historical coincidences
*contingency: without A, B couldn’t ‘ve happened

D. Morris Suzuki:
1. Common identity categories:
-nations
-people
-races
-religions

2.Nature of identities:
-multiple
-fluid
-historical
-negotiated
(Japan as case study)

,Area Studies: Mapping&power (L3)
A. Japan Naturally a nation- sceptisism:

-History of considering the Ainu & Ryūkyū a different people
-Japan = modern creation (Meiji)

B. Ka i order:

Chinese concentric circular worldvision with the civilized Ka in the middle. the bigger the barbarism i
the farther from Ka.

 relationships with Ainu and Ryūkyū Kingdom were important: represented subordination of
foreign people to Japanese dominion

Idea of ‘frontier’ changed ( for the West)

C. New hierarchie:

*Bunmei: foreignness as underdevelopment = “behind” in time, rather than far away from us in
space
Frontier areas not simply different from “us”, but earlier (inferior) versions of “us”
bunmei =
-dynamic concept: “progress”
-Emphasis on production
-Fukuzawa Yukichi: the attainment of bunmei = successive stages of development

D. Defining modern Japaneseness:

B.o. Bunmei-vision: emergence of a much more ambitious and totaling vision of "Japaneseness" than
in Tokugawa period.” (Morris-Suzuki)

-socio-economic order (small-scale farms)
-language (Tokyo middle class as standard)
-Assimilation attempts

Modern nationhood= ethnicity
Maps as ideology
E. Natural Japanse empire:
Indies & Japan born at the same time, both volcanic, lots of islands.
Geography= culture
cultural signs of common Japanese and lndies ancestry: words& place names in two languages that
resemble one another.

, Area Studies: Orientalism (L5&6)
A. Introduction:

Orientalism= lens through wich we look at the foreign countries and people of ‘the East’, man-made
trough several (historical) events,views,one-sided communication. The Orient is considered the
cultural rival of the Occident

*Occident: the West

European view:
Britain&France had colonies so more direct view.
Napoleon invaded Egypt with scientists
American view:
No clonies so less direct
Israel was ‘created’ by Amerika, so very politisized relationship
 East (except for Israel) is demonized through generalizations

B. E-Said:

The orient= ontological&epistemological distinction between the orient and the occident. Corporate
institution for dealing with the East since 18e E. (What Europe wanted to see- the ‘romantic other’)

*Ontological: categories of being

*Epistemological: (theoretically) knowable

C. Causes:

1.Irresponsible journalism
East as a career (books with ‘recycled’ content, ‘experts’)
2.Hollywood

3.One-sided communication (no corrections from the East because of need of patronage from US to
dictators)

4.Legitimation for huge army funds  Own problems are forgotten b.o. common ‘ennemy/problem’

5.Limitation of source material: mostly English literature, excluding German Orientalism.

D. Keywords:

*discourse: The way we talk&think about something constructs our view and reality of that subject
Vb. Google images Thahitians
 Power imbalance= source
*Cultural hegemony: (Gramsci) Complex understanding of Culture = it’s forced and accepted
--> Cultuur wordt ons gevoed en wij slikken

*Intertexuality: Certain ways of accepted packaging( thinkframe) Vb. Dichten, in rijmschema’s

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