Embryology Exam MCQ | Actual well elaborated questions and answers | updated

Embryology Exam MCQ | Actual well elaborated questions and answers | updated The term "terato" (Greek for "monster") describes what characteristic of a newborn child? a. hypoxia b. birth defect c. morula - B This stage of human development occurs when the egg and sperm fuse. a. zygotic stage b. blastocyst stage c. embryonic stage d. fetal stage - A This stage of human development occurs when the single-celled zygote divides into multiple cells, forming a hollow ball of cells. a. zygotic stage b. blastocyst stage c. embryonic stage d. fetal stage - B During which stage of human development does the developing human attach to the uterine wall? a. zygotic stage b. blastocyst stage c. embryonic stage d. fetal stage - B During which stage of human development will we see major internal organs and external features begin to emerge? a. zygotic stage b. blastocyst stage c. embryonic stage d. fetal stage - C During which stage of human development do we see differentiation and specialization of structures? This occurs later in the developmental process. a. zygotic stage b. blastocyst stage c. embryonic stage d. fetal stage - D If a mother has a problem with her endometrium, which of the following structures will have difficulty binding to her uterine wall? a. zygote b. morula c. early blastocyst d. late blastocyst - D True or false? Endrocrine glands do not have ducts. - True! This is a collection of glands that produce hormones which are secreted into the body to regulate normal function. a. endocrine b. paracrine c. autocrine d. juxtacrine - A The signaling process occurs when proteins produced by one cell travel short distances. a. endocrine b. paracrine c. autocrine d. juxtacrine - B This signaling process occurs when chemical messengers secreted by a cell come back around and bind to that same cell. a. endocrine b. paracrine c. autocrine d. juxtacrine - C This signaling process occurs between two cells, in which a ligand on one cell surface binds to a receptor on the other. This does not involve diffusible proteins. a. endocrine b. paracrine c. autocrine d. juxtacrine - D Dr. V mentioned in class that glands secrete hormones, but they can also secrete other things. Which example did she provide for this? - Testes secrete not only hormones, but they also make sperm. Therefore, they have two functions. Not sure if this is relevant, but thought I would include it. Hedgehog signaling is an example of which type of signaling? a. endocrine b. paracrine c. autocrine d. juxtacrine - B Paracine factors act by which mechanism? a. signal transduction pathway b. conformation induction pathway c. endocrine signaling pathway d. GDF-associated pathway - A; choice D is not completely wrong, however, because GDF's (growth and differentiation factors) act by signaling these signal transduction pathways. Hedgehog signaling has what effect on a signal transduction pathway? a. activating inhibition b. activating activation c. inhibiting activation d. inhibiting inhibition - D The extracellular domain of a receptor involved in a signal transduction pathway is responsible for what? a. initiation of transcription factor b. phosphorylation c. binding the ligand d. repression of transcription factor - C Growth and Differentiation Factors (GDFs) are found throughout the entire animal kingdom and are responsible for regulation and development of organ systems. All of the following are major families of GDFs EXCEPT: a. FGF b. WNT c. GABA d. Hedgehog e. TGF-β - C How did hedgehog proteins get their name? a. these proteins cause a bristle-like appearance when injected into mice from hedgehog genome. b. it relates to a paracrine signaling factor that codes for bristles on drosophila. c. the proteins are involved with signal transduction pathways seen in all species of hedgehog. d. Sonic the Hedgehog was a very popular video game during time of discovery in the 1990s. - B There are 3 hedgehog genes in mammals. Which of the 3 relates to development of the gonads? a. Desert b. Indian c. Sonic Hedgehog - A There are 3 hedgehog genes in mammals. Which of the 3 relates to bone growth? a. Desert b. Indian c. Sonic Hedgehog - B There are 3 hedgehog genes in mammals. Which of the 3 relates to morphology formation and midline structure? a. Desert b. Indian c. Sonic Hedgehog - C; "Sonic runs in a straight line, right down the middle of the screen" Besides growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), which other mechanism did Dr. V say is important regarding paracrine signaling? a. Hedgehog protein signaling b. transmembrane domain signaling c. neurotransmitter signaling - C Mutation of Homeobox gene HOXD13 would cause which of the following? a. Synpolydactyly b. malformation of the lower urogenital tract c. first digit hypoplasia d. more than one of these choices. - A Mutation of Homeobox gene HOXA13 would cause which of the following? a. Synpolydactyly b. malformation of the lower urogenital tract c. first digit hypoplasia d. more than one of these choices. - D; B and C Hand-foot-genital syndrome refers to a mutation in which gene: a. HOXA13 b HOXD13 c. WNT d. FGF - A; WNT is involved with formation of the urogenital system, but mutation of this gene is not related to hand-foot-genital syndrome. Which of the following GDFs (growth and differentiation factors) is involved with development of the urogenital system and limb patterning? a. FGF b. WNT c. Hedgehog d. TGF-β - B Which of the following GDFs (growth and differentiation factors) is involved with lengthening of bones at growth plates, angiogenesis, axon growth, and mesoderm differentiation? a. FGF b. WNT c. Hedgehog d. TGF-β - A This GDF (growth and differentiation factor) is a huge superfamily responsible for: extracellular matrix formation and epithelial branching that occurs in lung, kidney, and salivary gland development. a. FGF b. WNT c. Hedgehog d. TGF-β - D; "transforming growth factor-β" Most birth defects result from a combination of: a. Nondisjunction and failure of cell differentiation b. sex-linked genes and environmental factors c. environmental and genetic factors d. chemical exposure and gestation in old age - C The study of alterations of function and form during embryo-feto-genesis and human growth and development is known as: a. dysmorphology b. teratology c. genetic embryology - B This area of study looks at birth abnormalities from a clinical perspective of signs, signals and syndromes. a. dysmorphology b. teratology c. genetic embryology - A Decreased amniotic fluid can result in which of the following issues? a. malformation b. deformation c. teratoma d. dysmorphia - B This happens when mechanical forces mold the fetus for a prolonged period a. malformation b. deformation c. teratoma d. dysmorphia - B Partial or complete absence of structures during organogenesis ( mostly occur 3rd to 8th week) is known as: a. malformation b. deformation c. teratoma d. dysmorphia - A True or false? The blastocyst and implantation phases are subject to damage from teratogens. - False; this only occurs in the embryonic and fetal stages. A patient presents to you with shortened arms; he was born in the 1960s in England. Which of the following teratogens must his mother have ingested to result in his congenital birth defect? a. Aminopterin b. Alcohol c. Thalidomide d. Accutane - C Multiple malformations from a single cause are referred to as a ___. - syndrome This disorder is associated with up to 4,000 tandem repeats of a trinucleotide sequence on the X chromosome and results in varying degrees of mental retardation. a. Rett Syndrome b. Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) c. Fragile X Syndrome - C This disorder is associated with mutation of the X chromosome gene that codes for the transcription factor MECP2 and results in motor degeneration and early death. It affects females almost exclusively. a. Rett Syndrome b. Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) c. Fragile X Syndrome - A This disorder, also known as DiGeorge Syndrome, involves 22q11 deletion and is associated with cleft palate, heart defect, and facial asymmetry. a. Rett Syndrome b. Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) c. Fragile X Syndrome - B Implantation will usually happen __ days after fertilization. a. 3 b. 7 c. 12 d. 14 - B The term "hatching" refers to: a. rupturing of the zone pellucida b. rupturing of the oolemma c.