This document is a summary of the IEB syllabus, evolution module. The document is written according to the IEB SAGs. The document includes easy to understand summaries of the topics as well as tips for answering questions.
Origin of an idea about origins 2
Lamarck: 2
Charles Darwin: 3
Theory premise: 3
Steps of natural selection: 3
Evidence for evolution: 4
Human's involvement in evolution: 5
Mechanisms of evolution: 5
Types of natural selection: 5
Microevolution causes: 6
Macroevolution: 7
Speciation: 7
Allopatric speciation: 7
Patterns of evolution: 8
Rate of evolution: 8
Phyletic gradualism: 8
Punctuated Equilibrium: 9
How primates differ from mammals: 10
Evidence of a common ancestor: 10
Differences between humans and apes: 11
Hominid sequence: 12
Out of Africa Hypothesis: 13
Multiregional hypothesis: 13
1
, Origin of an idea about origins
People involved:
- Erasmus Darwin proposed that all life developed from a common ancestor
- Lamarck proposed that evolution was because of the inheritance of acquired
characteristics based on his laws 1.) Law of Use and Disuse 2.) Inheritance of
Acquired characteristics
- Alfred Wallace proposed the idea of natural selection
- Charles Darwin co-founded the principle of evolution by natural selection with
Wallace.
Lamarck:
1.) Law of use and disuse: If something is continuously, used the feature is
strengthened and becomes more prominent. If something is not used it is
weakened and it disappears.
(if you don’t use it you lose it)
2.) Law of inheritance of acquired characteristics: phenotypic changes in the
parent will result in the inheritance of that trait in the offspring
(if you bleach your hair, your kids will have bleached hair)
Answering questions:
1.) Lamarck believed in the law of use and disuse
2.) Because X was used/not used it became stronger/weaker and then the trait
strengthened/ disappeared
3.) Because of the law of inheritance of acquired characteristics, characteristics
were passed on to offspring
→ Lamarck’s theory was rejected because it has been found that phenotypic
changes do not result in genotypic changes and organisms do not evolve because
they were determined to change but rather change took place due to random
mutations
2
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