Business Law Exam Notes. Latest Update 2023.

Contents Vicarious liability 10 Century Insurance Co Ltd v Northern Ireland Road Transport Board [1942] AC 509 10 Deatons Pty Ltd v Flew (1949) 79 CLR 370 10 The Tort of Trespass 10 Stanley v Powell [1891] 1 QB 86 10 Kelsen v Imperial Tobacco Co [1957] 2 QB 334 11 Rixon v Star City Pty Ltd [2001] 53 NSWLR 98 11 Defences to the Tort of Trespass 11 Southwark LBC v Williams [1971] Ch 734 11 The Tort of Nuisance 11 Silservice v Supreme Bread Pty Ltd (1949) 50 SR (NSW) 207 11 The Tort of Defamation 11 Bjelke-Peterson v Warburton [1987] 2 Qd R 465 11 The Tort of Negligence 11 Requirement 1: a duty of care 11 Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) AC 562 11 Bourhill v Young [1943] AC 92 11 Chapman v Hearse (1961) 106 CLR 112 12 Sullivan v Moody (2001) 207 CLR 562 12 Tame v New South Wales (2002) 211 CLR 317 12 Requirement 2: Breach of the Duty of Care 12 Bolton v Stone [1951] AC 850 12 Woods v Multi-Sport Holdings Pty Ltd (2002) 208 CLR 460 13 Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367 13 Latimer v AEC Ltd [1953] AC 643 13 Watt v Hertfordshire County Council [1954] 1 WLR 835 13 McHale v Watson (1966) 115 CLR 199 13 Cook v Cook (1986) 162 CLR 376 14 Imbree v McNeilly (2008) 236 CLR 510 14 Non-Delegable Duty of Care 14 Kondis v State Transport Authority (1984) 154 CLR 672 14 Liability for failing to act 14 Requirement 3: Harm caused by the Breach of Duty 15 Yates v Jones [1990] Aust Torts Reports 81–009 15 Cook v ACT Racing Club Incorporated and the Australian Jockey Club Inc [2001] ACTSC 106 15 Scope of liability 15 Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock & Engineering Co Ltd (The Wagon Mound No. 1) [1961] AC 388 15 Rowe v McCartney [1976] 2 NSWLR 72 15 Voluntary assumption of risk 15 Rootes v Shelton (1967) 116 CLR 383 15 Agar v Hyde (2000) 201 CLR 552 15 Contributory negligence 16 Ingram v Britten [1994] Aust Torts Reports 81–291 16 Manley v Alexander (2005) 223 ALR 228 16 Compliance with standard practice 16 Mercer v Commissioner for Road Transport and Tramways (NSW) (1936) 56 CLR 580 16 Occupier’s Liability 16 Australian Safeway Stores Pty Ltd v Zaluzna (1987) 162 CLR 479 16 Phillips v Daly (1988) 15 NSWLR 65 16 Modbury Triangle Shopping Centre Pty Ltd v Anzil (2000) 205 CLR 254 16 Hackshaw v Shaw (1984) 155 CLR 614 16 Liability of public authorities 17 Nagle v Rottnest Island Authority (1993) 177 CLR 423 17 Romeo v Conservation Commission of Northern Territory (1998) 192 CLR 431 17 The Tort of Deceit 17 Bisset v Wilkinson [1927] AC 177 17 The Tort of Passing Off 17 Pacific Dunlop Ltd v Hogan (1989) 23 FCR 553 17 Newton-John v Scholl-Plough (Aust) Ltd (1986) 11 FCR 233 17 The Tort of Intimidation 17 Rookes v Barnard [No 1] [1964] AC 1129 17 The Tort of Interference with Contractual Relations 18 Lumley v Wagner (1852) 1 De G M & G 604; 42 ER 687 18 Carelessly causing Financial Harm 18 Willemstad (1976) 136 CLR 529 18 Perre v Apand Pty Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 180 18 Junior Books Ltd v Veitchi Co Ltd [1983] 1 AC 520 18 Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller and Partners Ltd [1964] AC 465 19 Rentokil Pty Ltd v Channon (1990) 19 NSWLR 417 19 L Shaddock & Associates Pty Ltd v Parramatta City Council [No 1] (1981) 150 CLR 225 19 Liability to Third Parties 19 Esanda Finance Corporation Ltd v Peat Marwick Hungerfords (1997) 188 CLR 24 19 Civil consequences 20 Wilson v Horne (1999) 8 Tas R 363 20 Conclusion for Chapter 4 (Causing Harm) 20 Chapter 5 Making Deals 21 Requirement 1: Agreement 21 Goldsborough Mort & Co Ltd v Quinn (1910) 10 CLR 674 21 Ramsgate Victoria Hotel Co Ltd v Montefiore (1866) LR 1 Ex 109 21 Invitation to Treat 21 Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256 21 Smythe v Thomas (2007) 71 NSWLR 537 21 Communication of acceptance 22 Powell v Lee (1908) 24 TLR 606 22 Unilateral Contract 22 Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256 22 R v Clarke (1927) 40 CLR 227 22 Adams v Lindsell (1818) 1 B & Ald 681; 106 ER 250 22 Requirement 2: Intention 23 Social or domestic agreements 23 Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571 23 Wakeling v Ripley (1951) 51 SR (NSW) 183 23 Commercial or business agreements 23 Rose & Frank Co v JR Crompton & Brothers Ltd [1925] AC 445 24 Ermogenous v Greek Orthodox Community of SA Inc (2002) 209 CLR 95 24 Preliminary agreements 24 Masters v Cameron (1954) 91 CLR 353 24 Mere puff 24 Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256 24 Requirement 3: Consideration 25 Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256 25 Thomas v Thomas (1842) 2 QB 851; 114 ER 330 25 A Vague Promise 25 White v Bluett (1853) 23 LJ Ex 36 25 Placer Development Ltd v Commonwealth (1969) 121 CLR 353 25 Past consideration 25 Roscorla v Thomas [1842] 3 QB 234; 114 ER 496 25 Ipex Software Services Pty Ltd v Hosking [2000] VSCA 239 26 A Prior Legal Obligation 26 Stilk v Myrick (1809) 2 Camp 317; 170 ER 1168 26 Hartley v Ponsonby (1857) 7 El & Bl 872; 119 ER 1471 26 Foakes v Beer (1884) 9 App Cas 605 26 Practical benefits test 27 Musumeci v Winadell Pty Ltd (1994) 34 NSWLR 723 27 Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd [1947] 1 KB 130 27 Giumelli v Giumelli (1999) 196 CLR 101 27 Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher (1988) 164 CLR 387 28 Enforceability 28 Taylor v Johnson (1983) 151 CLR 422 28 Cundy & Lindsay (1877–78) LR 3 App Case 459 29 Papas v Bianca Investments Pty Ltd (2002) 82 SASR 581 29 Leaf v International Galleries [1950] 2 KB 86 29 Duress 29 Barton v Armstrong [1973] 2 NSWLR 598 29 Seear v Cohen (1881) 45 LT 589 29 Hawker Pacific Pty Ltd v Helicopter Charter Pty Ltd (1991) 22 NSWLR 298 30 North Ocean Shipping Co Ltd v Hyundai Construction Co Ltd [1979] QB 705 30 Undue influence 30 Allcard v Skinner (1887) 36 Ch D 145 30 Johnson v Buttress (1936) 56 CLR 113 30 Unconscionability 31 Blomley v Ryan (1956) 99 CLR 362 31 Commercial Bank of Australia v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447 31 Bridgewater v Leahy (1998) 194 CLR 457 31 Louth v Diprose (1992) 175 CLR 621 31 Lack of capacity 31 Bojczuk v Gregorcewicz [1961] SASR 128 31 Beneficial contracts of service 32 Hamilton v Lethbridge (1912) 14 CLR 236 32 Continuing interest or obligation 32 Corpe v Overton (1833) 10 Bing 252; 131 ER 901 32 Persons lacking intellectual capacity 32 Hart v O’Connor [1985] AC 1000 32 Lack of legality 32 Public Service Employees Credit Union Cooperative Ltd v Campion (1984) 56 ACTR 39 32 Statutory illegality 32 Anderson Ltd v Daniel [1924] 1 KB 138 32 Fitzgerald v FJ Leonhardt Pty Ltd (1997) 189 CLR 215 32 Chapter 5 Conclusion 33 Chapter 6 Enforcing Deals 33 L’Estrange v F Graucob Ltd [1934] 2 KB 394 33 Toll (FGCT) Pty Ltd v Alphapharm Pty Ltd (2004) 219 CLR 165 33 Petelin v Cullen (1975) 132 CLR 355 34 Le Mans Grand Prix Circuits Pty Ltd v Iliadis [1998] 4 VR 661 34 Reasonable notice 34 Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd [1971] 2 QB 163 34 Causer v Browne [1952] VLR 1 34 Thompson v London, Midland & Scottish Railway Co [1930] 1 KB 41 34 Terms implied by the court 34 G Scammell & Nephew Ltd v HC & JG Ouston [1941] AC 251 34 Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority (NSW) (1982) 149 CLR 337 35 Balmain New Ferry Co Ltd v Robertson (1906) 4 CLR 379 35 Perri v Coolangatta Investments Pty Ltd (1982) 149 CLR 537 35 Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd (2001) 69 NSWLR 558 35 Contracts for the sale of goods 35 Robinson v Graves [1935] 1 KB 579 35 Terms that protect the buyer 36 Reynolds v Turner (1989) ASC 55–922 36 David Jones Ltd v Willis (1934) 52 CLR 110 36 Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd [1936] AC 85 36 Ownership, delivery, payment and acceptance 36 Tarling v Baxter (1827) 6 B & C 360; 108 ER 484 36 Non-contractual representations and promises 36 Oscar Chess Ltd v Williams [1957] 1 WLR 370 36 Handbury v Nolan (1977) 13 ALR 339 36 Parol evidence rule 36 Van Den Esschert v Chappell [1960] WAR 114 36 Breach of collateral contract 36 De Lasalle v Guildford [1901] 2 KB 215 37 Misrepresentation 37 Derry v Peek (1889) 14 App Case 337 37 Enforcing the contract 37 Trident General Insurance Co Ltd v McNiece Bros Pty Ltd (1988) 165 CLR 107 37 Disclaimers 38 Curtis v Chemical Cleaning & Dyeing Co [1951] 1 KB 805 38 White v John Warwick & Co Ltd [1953] 1 WLR 1285 38 Sydney City Council v West (1965) 114 CLR 481 38 Unenforceable Terms 38 Forster & Sons Ltd v Suggett (1918) 35 TLR 87 38 Nordenfelt v Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Co Ltd [1894] AC 535 38 Rescission 38 Gold Coast Oil Co Pty Ltd v Lee Properties Pty Ltd [1985] 1 Qd R 416 38 Bettini v Gye (1876) 1 QBD 183 39 Associated Newspapers Ltd v Bancks (1951) 83 CLR 322 39 Cehave NV v Bremer Handelsgesellschaft mbH; The Hansa Nord [1976] QB 44 39 Koompahtoo Local Aboriginal Land Council v Sanpine Pty Ltd (2007) 233 CLR 115 39 Cutter v Powell (1795) 6 Term R 320; 101 ER 573 39 Steele v Tardiani (1946) 72 CLR 386 39 Koufos v C Czarnikow Ltd; The Heron II [1969] 1 AC 530 39 Hadley v Baxendale (1854) 9 Ex 341; 156 ER 145 40 Mitigation 40 Brace v Calder [1895] 2 QB 253 40 Specific performance 40 Dougan v Ley (1946) 71 CLR 142 40 Buckenara v Hawthorn Football Club Ltd [1988] VR 39 40 Frustration 40 Taylor v Caldwell (1863) 3 B & S 826; 122 ER 309 40 Krell v Henry [1903] 2 KB 740 40 Codelfa Constructions Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority (NSW) (1982) 149 CLR 337 40 Davis Contractors Ltd v Fareham Urban District Council [1956] AC 696 41 Chapter 6 Conclusion 41 Chapter 7 Dealing with Agents 41 Apparent authority 41 Panorama Developments (Guildford) Ltd v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics Ltd [1971] 2 QB 711 41 Summers v Solomon (1857) 7 El & Bl 879; 119 ER 1474 42 Tooth v Laws (1888) 9 LR (NSW) 154 42 Essington Investments Pty Ltd v Regency Property Pty Ltd [2004] NSWCA 375 42 Agency of necessity 42 Great Northern Railway Co v Swaffield (1873-74) LR 9 Exch 132 42 Springer v Great Western Railway Co [1921] 1 KB 257 42 Authority by ratification 42 Bolton Partners v Lambert (1889) 41 Ch D 295 42 Duty to communicate information 43 John D Wood & Co (Residential & Agricultural) Ltd v Knatchbull [2002] EWHC 2822 (QB) 43 Duty to act personally 43 John McCann & Co v Pow [1974] 1 WLR 1643 43 Duty of care 43 Provincial Insurance Australia Pty Ltd v Consolidated Wood Products Pty Ltd (1991) 25 NSWLR 541 43 Chaudhry v Prabhakar [1989] 1 WLR 29 43 Duty to act in the best interests of the principal 43 Hewson v Sydney Stock Exchange Ltd [1968] 2 NSWR 224 43 Remuneration 43 Moneywood Pty Ltd v Salamon Nominees Pty Ltd (2001) 202 CLR 351 43 Undisclosed principal 44 Said v Butt [1920] 3 KB 497 44 Vicarious liability of principal 44 Century Insurance Co Ltd v Northern Ireland Road Transport Board [1942] AC 509 44 Deatons Pty Ltd v Flew (1949) 79 CLR 370 44 Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 21 44 Chapter 7 Conclusion 44 Chapter 8 Dealing with Consumers and Competitors 45 Misleading or deceptive conduct 45 ACCC v Telstra Corporation Limited (2007) 244 ALR 470 45 Tobacco Institute of Australia Ltd v Australian Federation of Consumer Organisations Inc (1992) 38 FCR 1 45 Gillette Australia Pty Ltd v Energizer Australia Pty Ltd (2002) 193 ALR 629 45 Requirement 1: The business has ‘engaged in conduct’ 45 Henjo Investments Pty Ltd v Collins Marrickville Pty Ltd (No 2) (1989) 40 FCR 76 45 Requirement 2: The conduct was ‘in trade or commerce’ 45 Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v Nelson (1990) 169 CLR 594 45 Durant v Greiner (1990) 21 NSWLR 199 45 Plimer v Roberts (1997) 80 FCR 303 45 Requirement 3: The conduct was ‘misleading or deceptive’ 46 Taco Company of Australia Inc v Taco Bell Pty Ltd (1982) 42 ALR 177 46 ACCC v P Pty Ltd [2010] FCA 378 46 Henderson v Pioneer Homes Pty Ltd (No 2) (1980) 29 ALR 597 46 Given v Pryor (1980) 30 ALR 189 46 McWilliams Wines Pty Ltd v McDonald’s System of Australia Pty Ltd (1980) 49 FLR 455 46 Unfair contract terms 46 Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v AAPT Limited [2006] VCAT 1493 46 Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Trainstation Health Clubs Pty Ltd [2008] VCAT 2092 46 Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v AAPT Limited [2006] VCAT 1493 46 Specific protections 46 Doherty v Traveland Pty Ltd (1982) 4 ATPR 40–323 46 Hartnell v Sharp Corporation of Australia Pty Ltd (1975) 5 ALR 493 46 ACCC v Cadbury Schweppes Pty Ltd (2004) ATPR 42–001 47 Dawson v World Travel Headquarters Pty Ltd (1981) 53 FLR 455 47 ACCC v Jetplace Pty Ltd [2010] FCA 759 47 TPC v Australia Meat Holdings Pty Ltd (1988) 83 ALR 299 47 Cartel conduct/Price Fixing 47 TPC v TNT Australia Pty Ltd (1995) ATPR 41–375 47 ACCC v Visy Industries Holdings Pty Ltd (No 3) (2007) 244 ALR 673 47 ACCC v Alice Car and Truck Rentals Pty Ltd (1997) ATPR 41–582 47 TPC v Email (1980) 43 FLR 383 48 Resale price maintenance 48 TPC v Sony (Australia) Pty Ltd (1990) ATPR 41–031 48 ACCC v Chaste Corp Pty Ltd (in liq) [2005] FCA 1212 48 ACCC v Dermalogica Pty Ltd (2005) 215 ALR 482 48 Boycotts 48 TPC v JW Bryant Pty Ltd (1978) ATPR 40–075 48 Exclusive dealing 48 TPC v Massey Ferguson (Australia) Ltd (1983) 67 FLR 364 48 Consequences of Breach 49 Chapter 8 Conclusion 49 Chapter 9 Protecting IP 49 Copyright 49 Mirror Newspapers Ltd v Queensland Newspapers Pty Ltd [1982] Qd R 305 49 Fairfax Media Publications Pty Ltd v Reed International Books Australia Pty Ltd (2010) 189 FCR 109 49 A & M Records Inc v Napster Inc 239 F 3d 1004 (9th Cir, 2001) 50 Clarendon Homes (Aust) Pty Ltd v Henley Arch Pty Ltd (1999) 46 IPR 309 50 Cuisenaire v Reed [1963] VR 719 50 Network Ten Pty Ltd v TCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd (2004) 218 CLR 273 50 Desktop Marketing Systems Pty Ltd v Telstra Corporation Ltd (2002) 119 FCR 491 50 John Fairfax & Sons Pty Ltd v Australian Consolidated Press Ltd [1960] SR (NSW) 413 50 Donoghue v Allied Newspapers Ltd [1938] Ch 106 50 Rank Film Production Ltd v Dodds [1983] 2 NSWLR 553 50 Snow v Eaton Shopping Centre Ltd (1982) 70 CPR (2d) 105 50 Infringement 51 Hawke & Son (London) Ltd v Paramount Film Service Ltd [1934] Ch 593 51 TCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd v Network Ten Pty Ltd (No 2) (2005) 145 FCR 35 51 Zeccola v Universal City Studios Inc (1982) 67 FLR 225 51 Roadshow Films Pty Ltd v iiNet Ltd (No 3) (2010) 263 ALR 215 51 Milpurrurru v Indofurn Pty Ltd (1994) 54 FCR 240 51 Remedies and Penalties 51 FNH Investments Pty Ltd v Sullivan [2003] 59 IPR 121 51 Coca-Cola Co v All-Fect Distributors Ltd (1999) 96 FCR 107 51 BP plc v Woolworths Ltd (2004) 212 ALR 79 51 Requirements for trade mark protection 51 Beecham Group plc v Colgate-Palmolive Co (2001) 58 IPR 161 51 Samuel Taylor Pty Ltd v Registrar of Trade Marks (1959) 102 CLR 650 52 Torpedoes Sportswear Pty Ltd v Thorpedo Enterprises Pty Ltd (2003) 132 FCR 326 52 International protection 52 JT International SA v Commonwealth [2012] HCA 43 52 Infringement 52 Eastman Photographic Materials Co Ltd v John Griffiths Cycle Corp Ltd (1898) 15 RPC 105 52 Virgin Enterprises Ltd v Klapsas [2002] AIPC 91–760 52 Requirements for patent protection 52 NV Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken v Mirabella International Pty Ltd (1995) 183 CLR 655 52 Grant v Commissioner of Patents (2006) 154 FCR 62 52 Pfizer Overseas Pharmaceuticals v Eli Lilly & Co (2005) 225 ALR 416 52 Breach of confidence 53 NP Generations Pty Ltd v Feneley (2001) 80 SASR 151 53 Fraser v Thames Television Ltd [1984] QB 44 53 Chapter 9 Conclusion 53 Chapter 10 Starting a Business 54 Definition of Partnership 54 Evans v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1989) 89 ATC 4540 54 Smith v Anderson (1880) 15 Ch D 247 54 Degiorgio v Dunn [2004] NSWSC 767 54 Indicators of partnership 54 Cox v Coulson [1916] 2 KB 177 54 Whywait Pty Ltd v Davison [1997] 1 Qd R 225 54 Canny Gabriel Castle Jackson Advertising Pty Ltd v Volume Sales (Finance) Pty Ltd (1974) 131 CLR 321 54 Company 55 Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 55 Lee v Lee’s Air Farming Ltd [1961] AC 12 55 Trust 55 Nelson v Nelson (1995) 184 CLR 538 55 Property Concepts 55 Lord Bernstein v Skyviews & General Ltd [1978] 1 QB 479 55 Australian Provincial Assurance Co Ltd v Coroneo (1938) 30 SR (NSW) 700 55 Spyer v Phillipson [1931] 2 Ch 183 55 Chapter 10 Conclusion 56 Chapter 11 Financial Matters 56 Mortgages 56 Cuckmere Brick Co Ltd v Mutual Finance Ltd [1971] Ch 949 56 Duty of disclosure 56 Australian Associated Motor Insurers Ltd v Ellis & Ellis (1990) 54 SASR 61 56 Alexander Stenhouse Ltd v Austcan Investments Pty Ltd (1993) 112 ALR 353 56 Lumley General Insurance Ltd v Delphin (1990) 6 ANZ Insurance Cas 60–986 57 Orb Holdings Pty Ltd v Lombard General Insurance Co Australia Ltd [1995] 2 Qd R 51 57 Chapter 11 Conclusion 57 Chapter 12 Business Ownership and Employment 58 Construction Engineering (Aust) Pty Ltd v Hexyl Pty Ltd (1985) 155 CLR 541 58 Mercantile Credit Co Ltd v Garrod [1962] 3 All ER 1103 58 Goldberg v Jenkins & Law (1889) 15 VLR 36 58 Lynch v Stiff (1943) 68 CLR 428 58 Liability 58 Kendall v Hamilton (1879) 4 App Case 504 58 National Commercial Banking Corp of Australia Ltd v Batty (1986) 160 CLR 251 59 Rights and duties 59 Chan v Zacharia (1984) 154 CLR 178 59 Battye v Shammall (2005) 91 SASR 315 59 Law v Law [1905] 1 Ch 140 59 Birtchnell v Equity Trustees, Executors and Agency Co Ltd (1929) 42 CLR 384 59 Kelly v Tucker (1907) 5 CLR 1 59 Joyce v Morrissey [1998] TLR 707 59 Bevan v Webb [1901] 2 Ch 59 59 Re Garwood’s Trusts; Garwood v Paynter [1903] 1 Ch 236 60 Partnership Property 60 Robinson v Ashton (1875) LR 20 Eq 25 60 Harvey v Harvey (1970) 120 CLR 529 60 Directors and Shareholders 60 Automatic Self-Cleansing Filter Syndicate Co Ltd v Cuninghame [1906] 2 Ch 34 60 Freeman & Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties (Mangal) Ltd [1964] 2 QB 480 60 Re HIH Insurance Ltd and HIH Casualty and General Insurance Ltd; ASIC v Adler (2002) 168 FLR 253 60 Trustees and Beneficiaries 61 Re Mineworkers Pension Scheme Trusts; Cowan v Scargill [1985] Ch 270 61 Hardoon v Belilos [1901] AC 118 61 The Employment Relationship 61 Narich Pty Ltd v Commissioner for Pay-roll Tax (NSW) [1983] 2 NSWLR 597 61 Zuijis v Wirth Bros Pty Ltd (1955) 93 CLR 561 61 Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 21 61 Duties and Obligations 61 Australian Telecommunications Commission v Hart (1982) 65 FLR 41 61 Bree v Lupevo Pty Ltd [2003] EOC 93–267 61 Discrimination, Harassment and Equal Opportunity 62 Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) Pty Ltd v Wardley (1984) EOC 92 003 62 Hill v Water Resources Commission (1985) EOC 92 127 62 Chapter 12 Conclusion 62 Chapter 13 Financial Difficulty 62