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Summary Notes on Unit 1 - Biological molecules
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Notes for biological molecules based on AQA exam specification. The document includes in-depth labelled diagrams and everything you will need for your exams
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,Molecules of lifeMolecules of life
Huge variety of different organisms but share some biochemistry
. Similarities suggest animal + plants have common
ancestors
. e g
. DNA RNA
.. ,
monomers + polymers monomer
·
Polymers-large Complex Molecules composed of long chains of monomers joined together. ·
· monomers-small basic , molecular units that form polymers. -
polymer
making polymers
most biological Molecules formed from monomers by condensation reaction .
Condensation reaction forms chemical bond between molecules H,O
releasing
-
molecule of
-
,
Ho OH HO- -
OH ----- ---
/ Hef
monomers polymer
Breaking down polymers
Brokendown byhydrolysisical bond between monomer using H20 mole see
---
-
o
. . .
+ Her & Ho OH HO- -
OH
polymer monomers
, Sugars
monosaccharides
Carbohydrates contain (, H . 0 .
· monosaccharide-monomer that makes carbohydrates.
·
Glucose (Hexose Sugar) -
Monosaccharide W/6 carbons. There are 2 types of glucose 2 ,
and B they're
. isomers
.
2-glucose B-glucose
CH2OH CH2OH
I I
C O C O
H 8H
H
I H
I
H H
C C C C
OH H OH H
I OH I H
HO HO
C C C C
I I
2 types of glucose OH
H OH H
have OH and H
switched
Disaccharide formation
2 monomers-disaccharide Monosaccharides .
joined together by condensation rxn-glycosidic bond forms
.
maltose
↓ -glucose
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH I
I
I C O
I C O H
C O H
C O H
H
I
'
H H
H
I H
H I H
H
C
C C
· C H
C C OH
C
H
C t OH H
OH
OH H I
OH H G
I OH HO C C
I OH HO C C
HO
C
C C I
C
I I
H2G H OH
I H OH
removed in OH
H OH
x-glucose maltose
+
2-glucose -
2-glucose + fructose - sucrose
2-glucose-galactose Lactose
The Benedict's test for sugars
Reducing agents
all monosaccharides maltose + lactose
. Add Benedict's reagent (blue) to sample +heat in water bath that at boil. If
test positive a colored ppt . Colours of
forms ppt green yellow orange .
brick red Higher conc of reducing agent
further the colour change or weigh ppt or use colorimeter
.
non-reducing sugars
.
sucrose First break down into monosaccharides add Hl ,
+ add to heated Water bath
. Neutralise by
adding sodium hydrogen carbonate.Then carry out test for reducing sugar
.
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